Abstract:
AEROSIL® 200 is a hydrophilic highly disperse colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) that is commonly used to improve flowability. This conventional CSD has low bulk and tapped densities and can produce dust if handled improperly. In order to improve its handling, special mechanical processes were developed for the homogeneous compaction of CSD. As a result, two new products have been recently introduced: AEROSIL® 200 VV and AEROSIL® R 972 V. AEROSIL® 200 VV is hydrophilic and chemically identical to AEROSIL® 200. It differs from conventional CSD only in its higher tapped density and its larger secondary agglomerates. AEROSIL® R 972 V is hydrophobic, a result of dimethyl silyl groups chemically bound to the silica surface.
The aims of this study is to compare the compacted hydrophilic and hydrophobic products to their non-compacted hydrophilic counterparts in terms of their effect on flowability and tableting properties. Therefore, different CSD types were used in combination with the three filler/binders namely microcrystalline cellulose, Avicel® PH 101, pregelatinzed starch, Starch 1500® and lactose, Tablettose® 80. The investigations were carried out on a microscopic and macroscopic level to get a better understanding of the mechanism of glidant action.
The first part of the study evaluates the flowability of the filler/binders upon addition of 0.5% CSD under different mixing conditions using angle of repose, conveyor belt and ring shear methods. Among the CSD investigated, hydrophobic types (R 972 V and R 974 V) are the most efficient glidants; gentle mixing conditions are sufficient to achieve high flowability. On the contrary, the increase in flowability obtained with hydrophilic AEROSIL® (200 VV, 200 and 130 V) strongly depends on the mixing conditions.
The second part of the study is based on microscopic investigations designed to analyze and elucidate the differences between the CSD types on powder flow enhancement. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses reveal that the coverage of Avicel® PH 101 is less extensive and the distribution is less homogeneous for mixtures containing hydrophilic CSD, when compared to hydrophobic under gentle mixing conditions. Higher mixing energy is necessary to achieve a homogeneous distribution of hydrophilic AEROSIL® particles. The degree and uniformity of coverage of the CSD particles on the excipient’s surface correlates well with the flow enhancement exerted by the glidant. In this, the extent of surface coverage is the crucial factor determining flowability. The hydrophobic treatment proves to be effective with short blending time. Due to lower silanol groups on its surface, hydrophobic agglomerates are easily broken up and a higher number of adsorbable agglomerates is available to act as glidant. Furthermore, the angle of repose and XPS investigation of Starch 1500® mixtures containing different concentration of AEROSIL® 200 VV reveal that the size of the agglomerates plays a key role in the flow-enhancement. When the extent of coverage is identical, smaller agglomerates lead to a better flowability.
The measurement of interparticulate forces within Avicel® PH 101 mixtures using an atomic force microscope shows that CSD reduces the adhesion force between the Avicel® PH 101 particles. The experimental findings are in agreement with the sphere-sphere model, describing the position of a small particle between two larger spheres. Moreover, the adhesion force measurements correlate with the angle of repose and confirm that adhesion force between glidants and pharmaceutical filler dominates flowability.
Finally, the last part of the study deals with tableting. The Heckel plots are characteristic for each excipient and independent of the addition of CSD. The differences in the tablets parameters depend on the nature of AEROSIL® and the compressibility of the excipient. The differences could be explained by the Ryskewitch-Duckworth relationship. Moreover, the influence of different CSD on the film formation of magnesium stearate was investigated.
The flowability studies and the tableting investigations show that the compaction process and the modification of the structure through hydrophobic treatment influence the properties of AEROSIL®. Firstly, hydrophilic compacted CSD types are more efficient excipients compared to their non-compacted counterparts. They are easier to handle and show better flow enhancement and identical tableting properties. Secondly, hydrophobic CSD types show better flow enhancing properties compared to their hydrophilic counterparts because the agglomerates are easier to degrade during mixing. However, hydrophobic AEROSIL® significantly reduces the tablet strength of poorly binding materials such as Starch 1500®. Nevertheless, they present a good alternative to hydrophilic types for plastically deforming materials (e.g. Avicel® PH 101) and for fragmenting excipients (e.g. Tablettose® 80).