Abstract:
The aim of this study was to evaluate a neurofeedback training with ADHD-children. It is assumed, that the primary symptoms of ADHD - inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity - are secondary outcomes resulting from an underlying neurological disorder. The basis of this disorder may be decreased cortical arousal, e.g. increased theta-activity, decreased beta-activity and decreased amplitudes of slow cortical potentials.
Therefore, we designed two neurofeedback paradigms to enhance and to decrease certain types of EEG-activity. One group received feedback of their slow cortical potentials (SCP-group), the other of their theta- and beta-rhythms (Theta/Beta-group). Both groups should learn to activate and deactivate their brain activity, that means, to produce positive and negative SCP-shifts (SCP-group) and to produce more and less theta and beta (Theta/Beta-group), respectively. In contrast to the Theta/Beta-paradigm there has been no therapy study with SCP-feedback training in ADHD children up to now. We chose a single-blind design to control for unspecific therapy effects. We were interested in following questions: First, in the time course of learning. Second, whether the learning progress is successful. Third, if the training leads to an improvement in cognition (attention, intelligence) and behaviour (hyperactivity, impulsivity). Fourth, if the two experimental groups differ in the time course of learning, in the learning progress and in cognitive and behavioural outcome variables.
Each group comprised 17 children with ADHD at the age of eight to 13 and an average IQ of 100,7 (LP-group) and 101,0 (Theta/Beta-group), respectively. The training procedure consisted of three phases with 10 sessions each. In pre-/post measures, that were taken at the beginning and at the end of the training, we assessed attention, intelligence and several behavioural variables. Before and within each training phase we assessed parental expectations and evaluations regarding therapy.
Analysis of EEG-data showed that both groups succeeded in influencing their EEG. However, the time course of learning and the learning progress differed between the groups and depended on whether the children should activate or deactivate their brain activity. Both groups improved in attention and reduced hyperactivity, impulsivity and frequency of conflicts at home. There were positive trends regarding intelligence, academic achievement and intensity of conflicts at home and in school. Parental expectations and evaluations did not influence the therapy effect.
As both groups did not differ in behavioural or cognitive outcome variables the single-blind-design failed to clarify whether the effects of neurofeedback were specific or unspecific.
With our treatment, we achieved higher effect sizes in attentional and behavioural measures (impulsivity, hyperactivity) than self-instruction trainings und cognitive-behavioural treatment packages. The effect sizes were equal to parental trainings and single behavioural techniques.
The first results are encouraging. However, follow-up studies have to confirm them.