Abstract:
Bose-Einstein condensates can be regarded as sources of coherent matter. When atoms are extracted from a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, a coherent monoenergetic atomic beam is generated. Such a source is commonly referred to as an atom laser. Previous atom lasers were perturbed by external magnetic fields, since they were based on atoms which populate magnetic-field sensitive states.
In this work, a novel type of atom laser is demonstrated. A coherent atomic beam is generated by outcoupling of atoms from a magnetic field-insensitive Bose-Einstein condensate. The here developed technique does not require magnetic shielding of the apparatus in order to create a quasi-continuous beam.
The presented experiments are based on quasistatic optical dipole traps for cold Rubidium atoms (87Rb), which are trapped in a tightly focussed laser beam (with a measured beam waist of 27 µm) generated by a CO2-laser. Because of the extreme laser detuning with respect to the atomic resonance, the trapping potential is independent on external magnetic fields. Atoms in different spin-projections can be confined. In order to reach the quantum degenerate regime, the temperature of the rubidium cloud is decreased with evaporative cooling technique. The applied method is accomplished by reducing the depth of the optical dipole trap.
At the end of this process, which lasts 7 seconds, a spinor condensate is generated. The atom number in this spinor condensate is about 12000. Typically, the lifetime of this Bose-Einstein condensate is 5 seconds. In particular, F=1 spinor condensates are produced, as Bose-condensed atoms populate the three spin-projections of the hyperfine ground state . However, when an external magnetic-field gradient is applied during the evaporation, only atoms in the spin-projection mF = 0 condense. These atoms are independent on external magnetic fields. The stability of the chemical potential of such a mF = 0 Bose-condensate is orders of magnitude higher than that of a magnetic-field sensitive Bose-Einstein condensate, which can be realized in magnetic traps. The residual sensitivity of the external potential of a mF = 0 Bose-condensate is about 10 fK/(mG)^2. The here developed technique for the production of mF = 0 Bose-condensate may pave the way for the application of Bose condensates to precision atom interferometry.
The work culminates in the demonstration of an all-optical atom laser. The output coupling of our optically trapped Bose-Einstein condensates is not possible with radiofrequency fields, as done in conventional atom lasers based on magnetic traps, since the optical dipole force acts on all Zeeman states. Instead, an output coupling of the field-insensitive Bose-Einstein condensate is achieved by adiabatically reducing the CO2-laser intensity in few hundreds milliseconds.
When the optical dipole force does not sustain trapped atoms against gravity anymore, a well collimated monoenergetic atomic beam is observed. The realized atom laser has an estimated brightness of 7*10^27 atoms s^2 cm^(-5). The length and the flux of atoms in the beam can be adjusted by varying the lowering rate of the output coupling ramp. The transverse mode of the extracted atom laser does not suffer form lensing effect as in the case of previous atom lasers based on rf-outcoupling.
In future, atom lasers may allow for improved interferometers and atomic clocks