Abstract:
Background: Amalgamrelated disorders caused a lot of controversial public discussions in the nineties of the last century. A number of patients with amalgam fillings claimed, that physical and psychological complaints they suffered from, were caused by mercury released from their dental amalgam fillings. Most scientific studies in this field do not support this assumption. Bailer et al. (2000) developed an explanatory model for the etiology of somatoform symptoms related with dental material. This model is closely related to models of the development of somatoform disorders. It explains the onset and maintenance of the complaints on the basic of psychological mechanism. Crucial points in this model are a heightened psychological vulnerabilty, the misinterpretation of physical symptoms and a vicious circle of somatoform symptoms.
Objectives: Hypotheses, which are generated from the postulated explanatory model were examined: How and to which degree are there differences in the health-condition, the mercury-burden and the psychological vulnerability between a group of amalgam sensitive subjects and a control group of amalgam non-sensitive subjects? Do the two groups differ in the assessment of physical arousal?
Method: A screening questionnaire was used to identify subjects who were convinced that their health had already been affected seriously by mercury released from their amalgam fillings (amalgam-sensitive, N = 40). These amalgam sensitive subjects were compared to a control-group of amalgam non-sensitive subjects (N = 43). All participants were subjected to dental, general health, toxicological and psychological examination. The appraisal of physical arousal was examined in an experimental psychological setting.
Results: Amalgam sensitive subjects showed a higher number of health complaints, they differed significantly from the control group. They reached higher scores for unexplained somatic symptoms (SOMS and SCL-90R Somatization scale). This was also reflected by a higher number of diagnosis of somatoform disorders. Furthermore the amalgam sensitive groups showed a higher degree of depressive symptoms. The two groups did not differ with respect to the examined parameters of mercury burden (number of amalgam fillings and surfaces, mercury levels assessed in saliva, blood and urine).
In a regression-analysis, a substantial amount of the health symptoms the patients suffered of, was explained by psychogical risk factors, predominantly trait anxiety and dysfunctional cognitions of bodily weakness (CABAH-Questionaire). Amalgam sensitive subjects scored in this variables although significantly higher than control subjects.
The examination of the appraisal of physical arousal showed a higher estimation of the somatic and emotional effect due to the induced arousal. Other specific effects could not be found.
Conclusions: The results support a psychological explanation of the reported symptoms and complaints. No evidence for a toxicological etiology could be found.