Abstract:
The process of fluidized bed granulation is widely used for pharmaceutical powders. In the pharmaceutical industry, granulation is the most common sizeenlargement step in the production of tablets. The granule growth, in the process of granulation, is a complex interaction of several parameters, of which the influencing parameters can be classified as apparatus, product and process parameters. The apparatus parameters are determined by the equipment used, whereas the product parameters depend on the formulation and therefore on the excipients and their concentrations. Process parameters are the most important and easily variable parameters. Knowledge and determination of these parameters is essential for achieving a controllable process. Using a fully instrumented laboratory scale fluidized bed granulator (Hüttlin Kugelcoater HKC 05 TJ), the granulation process and subsequently the tableting behaviour of the resulting granules of the three substances alpha-lactose-monohydrate, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous and potato starch were investigated using statistical designs. The three substances were chosen due to their differences in granulation and tableting behaviour like water solubility, swelling and compressional properties. Granulation process variables, namely the inlet air temperature, spray rate, binder concentration of granulating solution and inlet air flow rate were investigated. A central composite design was applied to study the granulation of alpha-lactose-monohydrate. Granulations of dicalcium phosphate and potato starch were investigated using a 2³ factorial design, in which the effects of the inlet air temperature, spray rate and binder concentration were considered. To compare the granulation behaviour of theses substances the particle size distribution, angle of repose and yield of the granules were used as responses for the statistical designs. The granules were compressed into tablets and the tensile strength was used as additional statistical response. Based on the process parameters, models were developed using multiple regression modelling for each examined response. These models were then used to optimize the granulation process that provides granules with a Sauter mean diameter D32 between 300 and 500 µm, an angle of repose smaller than 36° and a granule yield above 90 %. More over, the values of the tensile strength of the tablets should be between 1.6 and 2.5 N/mm². The intersections of the response surfaces of each ex-amined substance were compared using contour plots. To achieve the largest “satisfactory zone”, the granulations of alpha-lactose-monohydrate and dicalcium phosphate should be performed at low inlet air temperatures, low binder concentrations and high spray rates. Using the same settings of the process parameters potato starch shows only a small “satisfactory zone”. Generally potato starch granules show only a poor granule growth, low yields and high angles of repose. Additionally the compression of the potato starch granules led to very soft tablets. These poor results could be explained by the different behavior of starch in contact with water. The granule growth in a fluidized bed is mainly influenced by the amount of “available” water being present at the surface of the particles to be agglomerated. Starch takes up high amounts of water under swelling, the water is absorbed by the starch particles reducing the amount of “available” water and leading to an incomplete water saturation of the particle’s surface, which is necessary for a successful agglomeration. Therefore the granulation of starch was incomplete.