Abstract:
BACKGROUND: Alcoholism is considered to be a complex disorder, with interacting biological, psychological and social etiological factors. Accordingly, alcohol dependent patients represent a very heterogeneous group. Recognition of this heterogeneity has led to attempts to subtype patients with alcoholism using a variety of characteristics and dimensions. Besides a better understanding of the etiology, the different features and the course of the illness, typological approaches also substantially aim to improve treatment-efficiency in terms of a better patient-to-treatment-matching.
AIMS: The current study empirically examined the usefulness of three prevailing multi- and unidimensional typologies of alcohol dependence in terms of their concurrent and predictive validity: Type A/Type B according to Babor, Type 1/Type 2 according to Cloninger and the early/late onset (EOA/LOA) distinction schemes of alcoholism subtypes. In particular, it was hypothesized that subtypes of alcoholism would differ in their response to 5-HT agonistic pharmacotherapy as well as in their response to directive or non-directive psychotherapy.
METHODS: 200 detoxified male alcohol dependent patients fulfilling at least five diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence according to DSM-IV and ICD-10 were randomly assigned to one of four conditions of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment: the serotonergic antidepressant nefazodone (NEF) or placebo (PL) in combination with cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or non-directive interactional supportive group counselling (GC). Baseline data were used to subtype patients according to the typological classification systems mentioned above. Concurrent validity of the constructs was evaluated by comparing the respective subtypes with regard to external criteria of social adjustment, alcohol and drug use, premorbid risk factors, psychopathology, and personality. Evaluation of predictive validity was based on main outcome measures of drinking behavior (duration until first relapse, cumulative number of drinking days, the amount of alcohol consumed per day and drinking day), assessed at 3 and 12 month of treatment, which were analysed with regard to treatment conditions and subtype.
RESULTS: Relationships between Type A/Type B on one side and Type 1/Type 2 and EOA/LOA classifications on the other side were only weak. Regarding concurrent validity the Type A/Type B distinction most clearly discriminated between the subtypes in external criteria. Type B patients are more impaired than Type A patients in all aforementioned primary areas and in almost all single indicators of severity and risk. With respect to predictive validity, interactions between subtype and treatment conditions on drinking behaviour have been found, indicating differential treatment effects on patients different in subtype. The outcome of high risk/high severity patients was worsened under serotonergic agonist medication (NEF) on the one hand and non-directive interactional psychotherapy (GC) one the other hand. Conversely, low risk/low severity patients benefited from these treatment conditions. However, the effects of an interaction between treatment and subtype on drinking behaviour was mainly observed in the first 3 months of treatment.
CONCLUSIONS: According to the work of Babor and colleagues it can be concluded, that multidimensional typology of alcoholism has theoretical implications for explaining the heterogeneity among alcoholics and that subtyping patients may provide a useful basis for matching patients to the most promising treatment. Type B patients are severely impaired in various aspects of life. Congruent with the study hypothesis patients with different subtypes of alcohol dependence responded differentially to serotonergic pharmacotherapy and to different modalities of psychotherapy. As an important result of the present study, patients with high risk/high severity alcoholism should not be treated with a non-directive interactional type of psychotherapy, they should not be treated with a serotonin-agonistic pharmacotherapy, and, above all, they should not be treated with a combination of these treatments. In contrast, low risk/low severity patients seem to benefit from these treatments either alone or in combination.