Abstract:
The structurally related aminocoumarin antibiotics novobiocin, clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 are potent inhibitors of bacterial gyrase and represent interesting starting compounds for the development of new antibacterial agents. X-ray crystallographic analysis has shown that the acyl moieties at the 3''-hydroxy group of the deoxysugars of these antibiotics, namely the carbamoyl group in novobiocin and 5-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid moiety in clorobiocin and coumermycin A1, are particularly important for their binding to the biological target, i.e. the B subunit of gyrase. In this thesis, genes involved in the biosynthesis of the methylpyrrole moiety and those responsible for acyl transfer to the deoxysugar were identified by gene inactivation, heterologous expression as well as biochemical experiments. Several aminocoumarin derivatives were obtained from different defective mutants of the coumermycin and clorobiocin producers. Based on these findings, a series novel carbamoylated aminocoumarin antibiotics were generated by in vivo overexpression of carbamoyltransferase NovN from the novobiocin gene cluster and in vitro chemoenzymatic biosynthesis using NovN.
Coumermycin A1 contains a central and two terminal pyrrole moieties. The coumermycin gene cluster from Streptomyces rishiriensis DSM 40489 contains three genes (couN3, couN4 and couN5) which show sequence similarity to genes involved in the biosynthesis of the pyrrole moieties of pyoluteorin in Pseudomonas fluorescens and of undecylprodiginine in Streptomyces coelicolor. The gene couN3, coding for a putative L-prolyl-S-PCP dehydrogenase, and the gene couN4, coding for a putative L-prolyl-AMP ligase, were disrupted using in-frame deletion and insertional inactivation, respectively. HPLC analysis of culture extracts showed that the formation of coumermycin A1 was abolished in the couN3- und couN4- mutants. The mutants accumulated coumermycin D, which contains only the central pyrrole moiety. This result not only confirmed the involvement of couN3 and couN4 in the biosynthesis of the terminal pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid moieties of coumermycin A1, but also demonstrated, for the first time, that the central 3-methylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylic acid unit of the coumermycins is formed by a biosynthetic pathway different from that of the terminal pyrrole moieties.
The terminal 5-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid units in clorobiocin and coumermycin A1 are attached via an ester bond to the 3''-OH group of the deoxysugar moiety. In order to investigate candidate genes responsible for the formation of this ester bond, a gene inactivation experiment was carried out in the clorobiocin producer Streptomyces roseochromogenes var. oscitans DS 12.976. An in-frame deletion was created in the coding sequence of the gene cloN2. The production of secondary metabolites in the wild-type and in the cloN2- mutant was analysed. The wild-type showed clorobiocin as the main product, whereas the cloN2- mutant accumulated a new aminocoumarin derivative, i.e. novclobiocin 104, lacking the pyrrole moiety at 3''-OH of the deoxysugar. Clorobiocin production was successfully restored in the cloN2- mutant by introducing a replicative plasmid containing the cloN2 sequence. In addition, free pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid accumulated in the culture extract of the cloN2- mutant. The structures of the metabolites were confirmed by NMR and LC/MS analysis. These results prove an involvement of cloN2 in the formation of the ester bond between the pyrrole moiety and the deoxysugar in clorobiocin biosynthesis. Moreover, the results indicate that the C-methylation at position 5''' of the pyrrole moiety occurs after the attachment of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid unit to the deoxysugar moiety.
novN, a putative carbamoyltransferase gene in the biosynthetic gene cluster of novobiocin from Streptomyces spheroides NCIMB 11891, was expressed in the couN3- mutant. This led to the formation of bis-carbamoylated coumermycin D, a novel compound of the coumermycin series. This experiment also proved that NovN is responsible for the carbamoylation of 3''-OH of the noviose in novobiocin.
Five further carbamoylated aminocoumarin derivatives were produced by a combined mutational and chemoenzymatic approach. For this purpose, the carbamoyltransferase NovN was overexpressed in the heterologous host S. lividans as N-terminal 6×His-tagged protein and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Five different 3''-unsubstituted aminocoumarin derivatives were isolated from mutants of the clorobiocin producer S. roseochromogenes, carrying single or multiple gene defects. All five compounds were readily accepted as substrates by NovN, demonstrating that structural variation can be introduced by this method in the deoxysugar moiety, the aminocoumarin moiety as well as in the benzoyl moiety. The 3''-carbamoylated products were isolated on a preparative scale and their structures were elucidated by 1H-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Testing the biological activity of the 3''-carbamoylated products gave further insights into the structure–activity relationships of aminocoumarin antibiotics, especially about the importance of the acyl moiety and the methoxy group in position 3'' and 4'' of the deoxysugar, respectively. Removing either of these structural elements resulted in complete loss of activity.