Abstract:
Part 1: ToC, Introduction, Setting, Emsian and Eifelian, Givetian
Part 2: Frasnian and Famennian, Eustatic Sea Level Changes, Tectonics
Part 3: Givenian Biostromes, Famennian phosphatic black pebbles, Conclusion, References, Appendix
Part 4: Plates
During the Devonian, a carbonate shelf was established at the northern rim of the West-African craton. In the eastern Anti-Atlas remnants of this shelf are preserved in the Mader area, where a basin started subsiding in the Eifelian. The Jebel Rheris is situated in a transitional zone between this basin (Mader Basin) in the south and the emerged Ougnate High in the north.
Emsian deposits consist of two pelagic nodular limestone successions, separated by 70 m thick shales. During this interval homogeneous thickness and facies pattern exist. Asymmetric shallowing-upward cycles can be correlated throughout the investigated area. The Eifelian succession, consisting of pelagic nodular limestones with slumping structures, is considerably condensed (8 – 20 m thick) with respect to successions farther south.
In the Givetian, stacked or amalgamated coral-stromatoporoid biostromes in the N evolved into an alternating biostrome – crinoidal grainstone succession, which passed over a low-angle slope setting towards the south to a pure crinoidal grainstone facies with abundant slumping structures. In the south, distal tempestites occur. This is first evidence of a carbonate ramp in the northern Mader. Considerable thickness changes within short lateral distances of the Givetian succession are attributed to differential subsidence. According to a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of an accommodation plot, the lower Givetian consists of a transgressive systems tract (TST), a highstand systems tract (HST), and again a TST. The mid-Givetian succession represents a thick HST, the uppermost Givetian deposits a TST.
In the Upper Devonian, nine different facies types can be distinguished. They were deposited on the inner ramp (e.g. stromatolite limestones, crinoid shoals) and on the mid-ramp (e.g. quartz-rich crinoidal-bryozoan packstones). Synsedimentary faulting, angular unconformities, and neptunian dikes are observed, which indicate an increasing tectonic activity from Middle into the Late Devonian. Stratigraphic gaps generally increase towards the NW. Lower Frasnian deposits represent a HST, separated from the uppermost Givetian rocks by a maximum flooding surface. A sequence boundary (SB) occurs in the mid-Frasnian, followed by a TST. Slightly above the Frasnian / Famennian – boundary, a maximum flooding zone can be noticed. The lower Famennian deposits consist of a HST. A SB occurs again in upper Famennian rocks. The uppermost Famennian succession is interpreted as a TST. This systems tract was probably caused by a eustatic sea-level rise, whereas the other Middle and Late Devonian sea-level oscillations are interpreted as tectonically induced.
A large-scale seaward-stepping of facies belts, i.e. a long-term relative sea-level fall, occurred from the Eifelian to the Famennian. This relative sea-level fall during a time-span of approximately 30 Ma is related to a second order stratigraphic cycle, it is probably the result of an uplift of the hinterland.
At the eastern edge of the Jebel Rheris, Givetian deposits consist of a ca. 200 m thick biostrome – crinoidal grainstone succession. Biostromes probably developed due to the lack of a ‘binder guild’ in the fossil community, which hampered the establishment of mound-like structures, stable enough to resist high-energy storm events. During favourable conditions, colonisation of the sea floor proceeded in three phases: a) cluster settlement; b) lateral dispersion; c) vertical accretion. A significant difference of this biostrome–crinoidal grainstone succession compared to continuously growing reefs is the fact that communities repeatedly had to start with the colonisation stage, and therefore could not reach a mature or climax stage.
In some horizons in the upper Famennian rocks of the Jebel Rheris, black pebbles and nodules occur, which can be traced over several kilometres. Two types of these components can be distinguished: (1) black pebbles with quartz grains and (2) less common black nodules, containing carbonate bioclasts. Type 1 black pebbles consist of quartz, calcite, and apatite (35.4 wt.% to 53.6 wt.%). The average content of total organic carbon is 0.12 wt.%. Phosphorous is an important constituent of type 2 black nodules, though it has not been found in the embedding rocks. Therefore the black colour must be the result of phosphatisation, which occurred during two different periods: (1) black pebbles were phosphatised during the Ordovician. (2) Black nodules were formed during the Famennian. It is argued that the late Famennian transgression was responsible for the accumulation of type 1 black pebbles. They were reworked by the progressing coastal erosion and shed onto the shelf.