Abstract:
Swelling clays play a major role in current concepts for the underground disposal of high-level nuclear waste in deep geological formations. In one of the multi-barrier concepts for preventing the escape of radioactive substances from a high-level nuclear waste repository, the barrier consists of a copper container, compacted bentonite as buffer and backfill (the geotechnical barrier), and the repository host rock. Corrosion of the copper canister and radiolysis both produce hydrogen. When the buffer and backfill are saturated with water and the permeability of the bentonite is reduced by swelling, any hydrogen that is produced can accumulate in the space between the container and the geotechnical barrier. This will result in pressures exceeding the entry pressure of the buffer and backfill, and passage of gas through the geotechnical barrier.
An experimental program was developed to investigate the thermal and hydraulic properties of the buffer and backfill under conditions expected to exist in a permanent repository for radioactive waste. All experiments were conducted with mixtures containing sodium- (SPV Volclay) or calcium-bentonite (Calcigel) and crushed rock, and we used water from the Äspö test site. Water retention curves were measured from low to high saturation using a pressure cell and a thermohygrometer. Hydraulic column experiments were carried out with a specially designed permeameter and Darcy’s law was applied to determine the permeability. The thermal and non-isothermal drainage laboratory experiments were analyzed with inverse modeling techniques using iTOUGH2. The thermal experiments were conducted until a time-invariant temperature distribution was reached. The simulated temperature distribution matched the measured data very well at all locations along the column and for all times. The inversely estimated thermal conductivity and specific heat were consistent with the predictions of the empirical relationships. Pressure, temperature and the drained water volume were measured with non-isothermal drainage experiments and jointly inverted to estimate absolute permeability, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and capillary strength parameters of the bentonite/crushed rock mixtures. Consistent capillary pressure curves were obtained with the inversion of transient data and the direct pressure cell method. One of the non-isothermal drainage experiments was treated as a benchmark between TOUGH2 and RockFlow/RockMech. The simulation of the experiment served also a validation for RockFlow/RockMech.
The parameters estimated using different experimental, numerical, and analytical procedures were consistent with one another, providing backfill material properties useful for the simulation of gas- and heat-generating nuclear waste repositories. The newly developed experimental setup in combination with inverse modeling allows the identification of key parameters governing hydraulic and thermal processes under repository conditions.