Abstract:
Medicinal preparations from St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) based on aqueous-ethanolic extracts are widely used in the treatment of mild depressive disorders. In various studies there was an evidence for the antidepressive efficacy of the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin, an important constituent of St John’s Wort. Hyperforin is very unstable, underlying with conventional solvent extraction rapid light-induced, thermal and oxidative degradation.
The aim of the present study was the selective enrichment of hyperforin from St John’s Wort and its stabilization by formation of in-line-inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrines. Extractions were carried out on a pilot-scale batch extraction plant with a 1.2 l extraction vessel. The influence of extraction pressure (90, 120, 150 bar), extraction temperature (40, 50 °C), massflow rate (4, 8, 12 kg), extraction time (1, 3, 5 h) and particle size of the crude drug was examined, optimizing the extraction process with respect to extraction yield, hyperforin content of the extracts and drug residues and degradation tendency of hyperforin, as well.
Increasing the extraction pressure from 90 to 120 bar cause a higher solvent capacity and thus an increase of extraction yield from 1.2 to 2 % but a decrease of hyperforin content from 35 to 25 %. In the same way, an increase of extraction time from 1 to 3 or 5 h, results in a higher solvent-drug-ratio and thus an increased extraction yield from 1.7 to 2.1 % but a decrease of hyperforin content from 32 to 25 %. Higher solvent capacities and solvent-drug-ratios favour the extraction of unwanted accompanying compounds, e. g. cuticular waxes. Carbon dioxide massflow rate doesn’t affect the extraction results in any way. Increasing the extraction temperature from 40 to 50 °C at constant density of the supercritical fluid rises the extraction yield from 1.9 to 2.5 %, at slightly decreased hyperforin content. On the other hand side, higher extraction temperatures favour the degradation of hyperforin to orthoforin during the extraction, which can be derived from an increased peak area ratio orthoforin/hyperforin. Grinding the crude drug in a cutting mill has the same effect on the orthoforin/hyperforin peak area ratio. Regarding all effects, an extraction at 120 bar/40 °C/8 kg•h-1 using unground St John’s Wort turns out to be the optimum condition.
The crude CO2-extracts are very inhomogeneous. They can be easily separated into a sticky-brownish part, which is rich in hyperforin and into a rich in wax, light-yellowish part. The part which is rich in hyperforin represents the major mass of the extract and contains up to 90 % of its whole hyperforin. The four homologous n-alkanes C27, C29, C31 and C33 are determined and quantified by GC-FID analysis. C29-n-alkane represents the predominant constituent of the wax fraction. Other constituents of the wax fraction are indentified by GC-MS analysis and can be assigned to the ubiquitary cuticular waxes.
By using a two stage separation scheme a fractionation of the extract should be achieved, in order to increase the extraction process’ selectivity for hyperforin. Despite the content of C29-n-alkane in the final separation stage is divided in half compared to an extraction with only one separation stage, the hyperforin isn’t increased.
During a storage at 5 °C over 24 weeks, Hyperforin content of CO2-extracts from St John’s Wort is slightly reduced to 96 %, calculated on starting content, caused by an inclusion of hyperforin into the lipophilic extract matrix. The addition of various cyclodextrines (beta-cyclodextrine, 1,8-methyl-beta-cyclodextrine, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrine) into the separation vessel prior to the extraction examines the possibilities and limits of an in-line-inclusion of hyperforin. Because of too low inclusion rates of about 30 %, such inclusion complexes lead to no further stabilization of hyperforin.
All in all supercritical CO2-extraction is a gentle method for the enrichment of hyperforin. Whereas the medicinal use of such extracts limited by restrictions of admission, they are of great interest for pharmacological essays.