Abstract:
The present work describes the possibilities of the application of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) in the extraction of plant material with chamomile as a model crude drug. Chamomile flowers contain a lot of pharmacologically active substances with different properties with respect to polarity and stability, and therefore are an ideal matrix for the investigation of several process parameters.
An optimised selectivity of the components of the chamomile essential oil and an acceptable total extract yield is obtained at an extraction temperature of 40°C, an extraction pressure of 90 bar and a CO2-mass flow rate of 8 kg/h over 3 h. The use of finely ground plant material leads to an increase of the total yield without any negative influence on the stability of the chamomile constituents. Because of the fast hydrolytic degradation of matricine in the presence of co-extracted water, freeze-drying as a fast and gentle drying method is applied.
Thus the extraction of lipophilic components of chamomile flowers using supercritical CO2 represents a fast, gentle and highly reproducible alternative compared to conventional methods. The resulting extracts are solvent- and therefore ethanol-free, which is a desirable aspect mainly in paediatrics.
Matricine, which easily undergoes hydrolytic and oxidative degradations, can be enriched by means of supercritical CO2 and is stabilised in the resulting CO2-extracts over six months at storage temperatures of -30°C to +5°C. At room temperature and at elevated temperatures (+30°C) a continuous decrease of the matricine content takes place. After 3-4 months matricine is no more detectable. The reason is a residual water content of 0.5-3.5% even after freeze-drying.
An in-line-inclusion of the CO2-extract into b-CD combines the two steps of CO2-extraction and the preparation of an inclusion-complex without using any further equipment or organic solvents. The inclusion is obtained by placing b-CD in the separator before starting the extraction procedure. So the formation of the complexes takes place during the extraction in liquid CO2 at separation conditions of 8°C and 40 bar. Depending on the b-CD:CO2-extract-ratio and on the chamomile component high inclusion rates of up to 95% are achieved. The complex formation transfers the pasty CO2-extract into a free flowing powder form, which is easily manageable. A further stabilisation of matricine in b-CD-complexes compared to pure CO2-extracts is not possible. The hydrophilic b-CD retains the co-extracted water from separation of the complexes and the residual water contents after freeze-drying are drastically higher than in pure CO2-extracts (6-8% vs. 0.5-3.5%). Another explanation for the accelerated degradation of matricine in the presence of b-CD may be that b-CD act as artificial enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of esters if they are included in the b-CD-cavity.
The addition of polar modifiers allows the extraction of more hydrophilic chamomile components like flavonoids. The use of ethanol (15 mol%) at an extraction temperature of 40°C and pressures of 90-250 bar leads to a significant increase in the yield of moderately polar substances like apigenin. This substance is quantitatively extractable by the use of methanol as modifier and 60°C / 380 bar. Under these conditions apigenin-7-glucoside, the more hydrophilic derivative, shows an extraction efficiency of only 10%.
To obtain a quantitative extraction of apigenin-7-glucoside, the extraction is conducted in the two-phase region of the binary mixture CO2/methanol. This can be realised at 70°C / 100 bar. Under these conditions the extraction solvent splits up into a gaseous and CO2-rich phase on the one hand, and on the other hand a liquid and methanol-rich phase emerges, containing between 50-60% of methanol. The liquid, subcritical phase with a significantly increased dielectric constant of 10-12 actually represents the extraction solvent and is suitable for the extraction of apigenin-7-glucoside.
Furthermore the subcritical extraction in the two-phase region of the CO2/methanol-mixture enables the production of a chamomile extract, containing the whole polarity range of chamomile constituents. Both, the constituents of the essential oil and the hydrophilic substances like apigenin-7-glucoside, are quantitatively extracted. To obtain comparative yields by means of solvent maceration, the use of at least two solvents of different polarity is necessary and the required solvent volumes are 5 times higher.
Therefore the CO2-extraction represents a versatile tool for the production of plant extracts. By an appropriate choice of extraction conditions and by the addition of polar modifiers as necessary, different groups of constituents are extractable and may be enriched selectively by means of fractionated extraction.