Abstract:
In this work, mechanisms of neurotoxicity and addiction of the designer drug MDMA ('Ecstasy') shall be further assessed by means of immunohistochemical, neurochemical and behavioural pharmacology methods in animal model of the rat.
Acutely, MDMA leads to strong hyperactivity and stereotypies. Furthermore, MDMA reduced haloperidol-induced catalepsy. On cellular level, the hyperactivity correlated with strong overexpression of the inducible transcription factor c-Fos and of apoptosis-related proteins of the Bcl-family. In some brainareas a decreased number of Fos-positive nuclei was visible in the long term, which implicates a lower activity of mostly non-serotonergic neurons.
Repeated treatment with MDMA lead to a serotonergic depletion, which was NA-independent.
Temporarily, catecholaminergic neurons were also affected.
The development of behavioural sensitization could also be shown. One important result of this work shows that an intact innervation of the forebrain by the locus coeruleus (LC) is essential for the development of behavioural sensitization.
In the place-conditioning animal model could be shown that social isolation leads to a reinforcement of craving, robustness against extinction effects, and to increased relapse behaviour. Transferred to human, this means that the social environment gains much greater importance for the individual 'career of addiction'.
In summary, MDMA may possess therapeutic potential for important medical indications, but at the same time it also shows a serious neurotoxic spectrum. Further intensive research on the mechanisms of MDMA action is necessary not only for the isolation of the therapeutically active components of the MDMA action, but also for the development of new strategies for prevention and therapy of MDMA-induced long term psychiatric damage.