Abstract:
In the work presented here, a new group of activating receptors expressed on myeloid cells was identified, cloned and characterized. Due to selective expression on myeloid cells, the receptors were designated Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREMs). Five TREMs were identified. All of them are characterized by an extracellular Immunoglobulin (Ig) domain of the V-type, a charged lysine or arginine residue in the transmembrane domain, and no intracellular signaling motifs. At least three members of this family associate with a transmembrane adapter molecule called DAP12, which can mediate cell activation.
TREM-1 is selectively expressed on blood neutrophils, monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Engagement of TREM-1 in vitro triggers secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and promotes survival of neutrophils and monocytes. In vivo, TREM-1 is expressed at very high levels on neutrophils and monocytes that accumulate in human tissues infected with bacteria. In addition, it is upregulated on peritoneal neutrophils of patients with microbial sepsis and mice with experimental sepsis. Strikingly, blockade of TREM-1 during experimental sepsis reduces inflammation, increases neutrophil apoptosis and protects mice against sepsis. Thus, TREM-1-driven signals play a central role in neutrophil function and in acute inflammatory responses to bacteria.
TREM-2 is a cell surface receptor on dendritic cells (DCs), which is associated with DAP12, like TREM-1. In vitro, TREM-2/DAP12 induces upregulation of CCR7, which promotes homing of DCs to lymph nodes, where they encounter naïve T cells. In addition, TREM-2 promotes DC survival and induces partial DC maturation, increasing the T cell stimulatory activity of DCs. In vivo, blockade of TREM-2 signaling in mice reduces the ability of DCs to stimulate autoimmune T cells, which cause experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, TREM-2/DAP12 enhances the antigen presenting capability of DCs.