Abstract:
Radiation therapy plays an important role in cancer treatment. However, little is kown about the molecular mechanisms that affect the radiation sensitivity and lead to tumor regression. Therefore the aim of this study was to enlighten of the apoptotic signal transduction pathways in response to irradiation.
These data revealed that caspases, the major players in the apoptotic cascade, were activated secondarily to mitochondrial damage after irradiation. In contrast to previous assumptions, Caspase-8 does not act as initiation caspase but is activated by other caspases. Further on, caspase-8 is not essential for radiation-induced apoptosis but is necessary for apoptosis induced by death receptors. In addition, the pro-apoptotic molecule Bid, known as a substrate for caspase-8, may also be cleaved by DEVD-specific proteases, presumable by caspase-3 or caspase-7.
The permeability transition pore, an unspecific mitochondrial channel with relevant function in some apoptotic pathways, seems to be dispensable in radiation-induced apoptosis since blocking this pore with cyclosporine A had no effect.
Using Bcl-2 constructs that allow a specific expression either at the ER or the mitochondria it has been shown that endoplasmic and mitochondrial as well as wildtype Bcl-2 protect against radiation-induced apoptosis. Deletion of the Bcl-2 anchorage domain results in a loss of protection. In contrast, none of these constructs were able to block death receptor-induced apoptosis.
Finally, using clonogenic tests it has been shown that the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2 does not correlate inevitably with an improved survival after irradiation. The radiation sensitivity rather depends on the expression of other factors, that varies between the cell systems.