Abstract:
The vertebrate otical region was subject to major anatomical reorganization during the transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial mode of life. In order to get a better understanding of the evolutionary transformation of the otical region, mainly fossil sarcopterygian forms have been examined so far. The present work is analysis of the character states within the inner and middle ear in the groundplan of the sarcopterygians and the tetrapods. Special emphasis is laid on the description of the embryonic otical region of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae, because there are only few data on the ontogeny of this species. There are some derived conditions in the inner ear of the coelacanth with special significance for the systematics of the Sarcopterygii (e.g., the existence of a basilar papilla, FRITZSCH 1987). Furthermore, the otical regions of representatives of all genera of Recent lungfishes and selected representatives of the Lissamphibia are examined and compared to the conditions of Latimeria. In Latimeria there is a peculiar receptor end organ that, contrary to earlier reports, is not regarded in this work as a basilar papilla. This end organ, like the existence of a canalis communicans and particular jaw mechanism, emphasizes the isolated position of the Actinistia within the Sarcopterygii. In comparison to other sarcopterygians the lungfishes show plesiomorphic conditions, but possess a distinctive endolymphatic sac as is known from lissamphibians and some squamates. On the basis of the observed character states and data from the literature a character distribution is generated and an analysis of each character is made. The meaning of the results for the systematics of the Sarcopterygii is discussed. The distribution of the otical characters shows the sarcopterygians and early tetrapods had a more plesiomorphic character configuration in the groundplan than previously thought.