Abstract:
The larval head of the New Zealand mayfly Oniscigaster wakefieldi is investigated, a mayfly which is thought of as plesiomorphic in many respects. Based on a broad comparison with other mayfly species, it is aimed to reconstruct the groundplan of the larval head of mayflies. Emphasis is laid on the anatomy and functional morphology of the larval mouthparts and the homologization of their muscles. The results indicate the presence of an anterior articulation complex of the mandible that is made up of two points of mandibular attachment to the cranium in the groundplan of Ephemeroptera. These attachment points are compared with the condition in the relic silverfish Tricholepidion gertschi and other Zygentoma. It is shown that in the Zygentoma there is a similar articulation complex present. This correspondence is regarded as a groundplan character of Dicondylia. The character transformation from the monocondylous mandibles of Ectognatha to the dicondylous mandible of Odonata and Neoptera is interpreted in its functional and phylogenetic context. The alterations of the mandible and its muscles are correlated with changes in the construction and position of the anterior tentorial arms and the lateral cranium. None of the investigated mandibles show traces of segmentation. Thus the hypothesis of a tripartite telognathic mandible in the groundplan of insects is rejected. The fused galeolacinia of mayfly larvae is compared to the ones of the Odonata. The different ways of interpretation of these results are discussed. The findings of this study, together with all previously discussed characters, are used for a phylogenetic analysis to unravel the phylogenetic affinities between the three basal groups of the Pterygota (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Neoptera). The data point to a sistergroup relationship between the Ephemeroptera and all other pterygote insects, the Metapterygota.