Abstract:
Because apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs has been proposed to involve CD95/CD95 ligand interaction, we investigated the mechanism of caspase activation by daunorubicin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and mitomycin C. All antineoplastic drugs used induced caspase-dependent apoptosis to a similar extent in both CD95-sensitive and resistant leukemic T cells. Caspase-8 was activated in both cell types by these drugs and also by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. The data indicate that anticancer drug-induced apoptosis does not require de novo synthesis of death ligands or CD95 interaction, and that caspase-8 can be activated in the absence of death receptor signaling.
To further determine the order of caspase activation in anticancer drug-induced apoptosis, we used a variety of cell clones that were either devoid of individual caspases or expressed proteins interfering with different steps of the apoptotic cascade. Experiments with cells overexpressing Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, or dominant-negative capase mutants demonstrate that, in contrast to the CD95 pathway, in anticancer drug-induced apoptosis cytochrome c release is caspase-independent. Caspase-8 acitvation is a post-mitochondrial event, Bid cleavage can occur downstream of mitochondria even in the absence of caspase-8 and that, although caspase-8 may serve as an amplifier of apoptotic signals, it is not necessarily required for drug-induced apoptosis.
Mistletoe lectin I (ML-I) is a major active component in plant extracts of Viscum album that is increasingly used in adjuvant cancer therapy. ML-I exerts potent immunomodulating and cytotoxic effects, although its mechanism of action is largely unknown. Treatment of leukemic T- and B-cell lines with ML-I induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial death pathway. ML-I was also observed to enhance the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs.