Abstract:
Organic osmolytes such as betaine, inositol and taurine play an important role in cell volume regulation. In contrast to the uptake systems of organic osmolytes the molecular identity of the efflux pathway is still elusive. An outwardly rectifying anion channel termed the 'Volume-Sensitive Organic Osmolyte/Anion Channel' (VSOAC), has been postulated. The chloride and taurine permeabilities of three candidates of the VSOAC, the chloride channels CLC-2, CLC-3 and the ICln protein, have been investigated in the present study using the Xenopus laevis oocytes expression system. The measurement of chloride permeabilities of cRNA-expressing oocytes showed that only the expression of CLC-2-cRNA resulted in a swelling-sensitive increase of 36Cl--transport and chloride current. In contrast, the measurement of taurine efflux revealed a significantly higher swelling-induced permeability of taurine in CLC-2-, CLC-3- and/or ICln-cRNA expressing oocytes as compared to control oocytes. Through further experiments, it was verified that these fluxes were not based on non-specific leakage. Most likely, the expression of the tested membrane proteins induces an endogenous taurine efflux pathway in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The independence of taurine efflux from any chloride permeability suggests the existence of an endogenous taurine efflux channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The transporter for the uptake of the osmolyte betaine, the Betaine/GABA-transporter BGT-1,had not been well characterized to date. In the present study, BGT-1 was characterized by electrophysiological and tracer flux measurements using the Xenopus laevis oocytes expression system. This study demonstrated that the transport of GABA is coupled to the transport of Na+ and Cl-, showing a coupling ratio of 1:3:1. Based on aditional results a model of the order of substrate binding was developed.