Abstract:
ROMK (Kir1.1), a member of the family of inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir) mediates K+ secretion and controls NaCl reabsorption in the kidney. A hallmark of these channels is their gating by intracellular pH (pHi) (pKapp=6.8 / h=2.9). In this study, the trigger mechanism of pH-gating and the associated conformational changes in Kir1.1 were investigated. When probed with sulfhydryl modifying agents, irreversible inhibition was observed in the closed but not in the open channel state. Mutagenesis revealed cysteine 49 in the N- and cysteine 308 in the C-terminus as targets for state-dependent modification. Moreover, Kir1.1 channels require extracellular K+ ions for activity, a property that is determined by the P-region and allosterically linked to pH-gating. In the absence of extracellular K+, open channels (pHi=8.0) remained active but failed to recover from pH-induced inactivation. Thus, pH-gating of Kir1.1 channels involves conformational changes in both N- and C-termini as well as in the pore region.
By sequence alignment and site-directed mutagenesis a lysine residue N-terminal to M1 (K80) displaying a strong shift in pKapp (-3 pH units compared to the free amino acid) was identified as the pHi sensor. Replacing K80 by a neutral amino acid or chemical modification of amino groups removed pH-gating. Conversely, introduction of lysine at the pre-M1 site conferred pH-gating to other Kir channels. The anomalous titration was found to be due to electrostatic interactions within an intrasubunit triad of basic groups (K80, R41 in the N- and R311 in the C-terminus). These results provide a first framework for the tertiary folding of intracellular domains of Kir channels.
Mutations in the R/K/R triad, as found in families with antenatal Bartter syndrome (aBS), inactivate ROMK and thereby lead to the clinical phenotype of a salt-wasting tubulopathy. Moreover, in a structural model deduced from the findings reported here, the majority of Kir1.1-aBS missense mutations