Abstract:
The global spread of diseases related to sedentariness is renewing the interest in the promotion of physical activity (PA). At the same time, the international discussion about the significance and forms of health-enhancing physical activity is paradigmatically changing: while sport has generally been considered healthy over a long period in the past, most health organisations today principally recommend moderate exercise as conducive to good health. For this reason, the role of sport is becoming rather ambiguous in the political agenda related to the promotion of a healthy lifestyle: on the one hand sport is – as an abstract term – still semantically connected with health; on the other hand it is – in its traditional-competitive form – increasingly marginalised as a medium of health. The question of the role of sport in the modern health-related promotion of PA has not been exhaustively discussed until now.
In order to make enquiries into this phenomenon, this dissertation uses a theoretical framework based on Luhmann’s systems theory Luhmann (1985). Through the empirical method of content structuring analysis (Mayring, 2003), 15 documents for the promotion of PA issued by the ministries of health in Germany, France, and Italy have been examined. These countries, as conservative welfare states (Esping-Andersen, 1990), were selected using the most similar systems design (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The findings show that ‘sport’ is frequently mentioned and recommended within the documents analysed. However:
-The typology of PA recommended is often distanced from the competitive-traditional forms of sport activities;
-The role of sport organisations is often abstract, although they are constantly mentioned;
-Traditional-competitive sport activities are sometimes even advised against;
-The key concepts and the recommendations are sometimes ambiguous and contradictory;
-The four characteristics above are common to the French, German and Italian case studies.
From a system theoretical perspective, the contradiction of devaluating sport as a medium of health promotion while, at the same time, recommending PA whenever possible to combat the epidemic spread of sedentariness can be explained by a fundamental non-acceptance of the competitive logic of competitive-traditional sport by the health system, whose logic is characterised by the code ‘promoting/hindering health’ (Bauch, 1996). However, the sport system is still, in some countries, the most relevant provider of health promotion through PA and recent studies are re-evaluating the effect of sport on health.