Abstract:
The public opinion meets globalization with mixed feelings. On the one hand exports are often viewed as a beneficial source of economic growth and prosperity, but on the other hand the deepening of international relations is also often regarded as threat for domestic labor markets. The contribution of our research is to advance an understanding of different channels through which globalization in form of trade liberalization or foreign direct investment can affect a country's equilibrium rate of unemployment. The first chapter analyzes search unemployment in a trade model with heterogeneous firms. Firms' monopoly power on product markets leads to strategic wage bargaining. Solving for the symmetric equilibrium we show that the selection effect of trade influences labor market outcomes. Trade liberalization lowers unemployment and raises real wages as long as it improves average productivity. We show that this condition is likely to be met by a reduction in variable trade costs or by entry of new trading countries. The second chapter documents a robust empirical regularity: in the long-run, higher trade openness is causally associated with a lower structural rate of unemployment. We establish this fact using: (i) panel data from 20 OECD countries, and (ii) cross-sectional data on a larger set of countries. The time structure of the panel data allows to deal with endogeneity concerns, whereas cross-sectional data make it possible to instrument openness by its geographical component. The model established in chapter 5 allows to study the interaction and cross-country-spillover effects between FDI and labor markets in a Feenstra and Hanson (1996) type of trade model. FDI outflows increase skill-specific equilibrium unemployment in the FDI sending country whereas the receiving country benefits from FDI-inflows and expands production to industries formerly associated to the sending country. Chapter 6 provides an empirical investigation of the relationship highlighted in the theory presented before. The focus in this chapter lies on the empirical evidence for the FDI and unemployment nexus highlighted in the theory section.