Abstract:
Around 237,000 new firms have been founded in Germany each year during the last decade. Investigating start-up conditions and start-up success is an important concern of economic research, since the establishment of new firms is seen as a major driver of economic growth. New firms speed up structural change, foster market development and product variety by introducing new products and services, they enhance competition in existing markets, and they create employment.
Indeed, the main driver for productivity growth and net employment growth is a small group of high-potential start-ups, called gazelles, which survive and grow substantially. Research at the individual firm-level has thus investigated determinants of start-up survival and firms’ employment growth.
Several firm-specific, founder-specific and industry-specific factors have been identified to be important predictors of young firms' labor demand. Especially founders’ human capital turns out to be a major predictor of survival, start-up size and employment growth in young firms.
The thesis is a collection of four self-contained empirical investigations at the firm level, which contribute to the literature on technology transfer and job creation of newly established firms. The thesis as a whole thus provides a comprehensive view on human capital as a factor of production in newly established firms. Chapter 2 and chapter 3 contain two empirical investigations on the specific topic of academic spin-offs and academic start-ups in the research- and knowledge-intensive industries in Germany. Knowledge generated in public research institutions can lead to new business concepts and products offered by new firms. Having a look at the determinants of technology transfer speed and its consequences for early employment growth is the major aim of these chapters.
The analyses in the fourth and fifth chapter are further broadened. In these chapters, I do not only investigate academic start-ups, but newly established firms in nearly all industries. In these two chapters, I investigate the influence of founders' human capital on how large new firms start operations and which type of labor they demand.