Abstract:
Objective
Pain and injury are common in today’s elite sports. Although the issue of integrated injury management is important for the field of elite sports, the current social-scientific examination of questions dealing with the psychosocial conditions of decisions in the field of diagnostics, treatment and the prevention of sports injuries has thus far been inadequate. Based on observations of the medically inadequate pain and injury management of both athletes and their social surroundings, this work will, therefore, focus on the question of how injury related decisions are made and on what the decisions are based.
Theoretical approach
Taking into consideration the phenomenon’s complexity, the theoretical approach to the research problem is a systems-theoretic constructivist one, focusing on theories regarding decision, management and social conflict. Building upon methodological considerations, the work’s first part results from the construction of a multiperspective injury-management model in elite sports. The central concepts of pain, discomfort, injury and health are defined prior to the consideration of specific injury-related decisions and the psychosocial conditions on which the decisions depend. In addition to personal conditions such as health and injury or risk perceptions, focus is given to the social aspects surrounding decision making in elite sports based on the perspectives of athletes, doctors and coaches. Therefore, the central topic of interest is the communication of decisions within organized social interaction. Completing the theoretical considerations are reflections on injury-related social conflicts and conflict potentials as well as on the general opportunities for integrated injury management within elite sports organizations.
Research Method
To understand decisions made concerning pain and injury in the field of elite sports, case studies in handball and track and field were conducted. Four top athletes’ injury biographies were reconstructed and supplemented using the specific perspectives of their coaches and doctors. A graphical-based combination of the biographic method, problem-focused interview, Mind Mapping and the documentary method was used to fully develop the biographies. The four so called “biographic systemic mappings” presented, along with the “injury maps”, are the foundation for the typologies created regarding pain and injury management in elite sport.
Results
The results emphasize the complexity of injury-related decisions in professional handball and track and field. Pain and injury are not considered as any real problem as long as competition can be maintained. This can be seen, for example, through athletes hiding or delaying the communication of pain symptoms or a general avoidance in taking a break from competition and workouts. The lack of established stop mechanisms in regard to unspecific pain symptoms and inadequate medical diagnostics often maintain the phenomenon of competing while in pain.
Polypragmasy and the usage of gurus and healers can often be seen as an answer to achieving the unrealistic expectations of a quick recovery and return to the prior level of athletic performance. Chronic conditions frequently develop through a re-occurring, downward spiral of symptomatic medical treatments without rectifying the symptoms’ cause. Evidence shows a strong pain-medication culture within elite sports, which includes the injection of pain killers to remain competitive. At the same time, a trivialization of health-related risks can be seen through the continuation of workouts and competition. From the perspective of the athletes, coaches and sports doctors, competing while in pain or while injured makes sense when there is the possibility to still effectively compete. With the increasing length of sports careers, specific medical support networks are being developed to suit the athletes and coaches individual demands.
Regarding the issue of elite sports organizations’ responsibility to its athletes, there are few pre-established decision processes concerning diagnosing medical conditions and injury treatment, which is demonstrated in an athlete’s often too early return to sporting activities or in continuing workouts and competition. The analysis also shows prevention-oriented flexibility in stress management strategies as a result of a change in body and pain perception and as a further development of subjective cause and effect determination of injury genesis and prevention.
Outlook
The theoretical thoughts and empirical findings are summarized in suggested approaches for an integrated injury management model in elite sports. Nevertheless, more studies surrounding the sociology of pain and injury in elite sports are required for a deeper understanding of injury-related decisions.