Abstract:
There is a common perception that trade liberalization unlocks welfare gains. Consequently, politicians have undertaken a huge effort to abolish tariff barriers. Trade impediments, however, may appear in various guises. In their survey article, Anderson and van Wincoop (2004) argue that trade costs other than direct policy measures are important. Among others, they refer to costs associated to regulatory barriers, the lack of enforceable contracts, and information barriers. In total, trade costs of an average rich country amount to an alarming 170% ad valorem tax equivalent. This doctoral thesis aims at contributing to the ongoing process of unpacking various typed of trade costs.
Technical barriers to trade. Technical barriers to trade (TBTs) may play an effciency-increasing role. This result arises in a model where the degree of external scale effects can be parameterized independently of the elasticity of substitution. Then, there is a second-best rationale for the existence of TBTs since they can be used as an instrument to restrain excessive entry of monopolistic firms.
Information costs. Using newly available panel data on developing countries diaspora to rich OECD nations in a theory-grounded gravity model, it uncovers a robust, causal effect of bilateral migration on bilateral trade. It also confirms the effect of Chinese ethnic networks on bilateral trade. In terms of magnitudes, however, trade creation associated to the Chinese ethnic network is at most half as big as the one computed by Rauch and Trindade (2002). Trade creation effects of indirect network links, which are less confounded by the preference channel, are on average very small and, indeed, often indistinguishable from zero.
Incomplete contracts. Drawing on data obtained from Reuters-Business-Briefings, it finds that cooperative behavior of importers induces trade flows while non-cooperative behavior deters them. However, the trade-reducing effect of non-cooperative behavior is stronger than the trade-creating effect of cooperative behavior.
In the presence of incomplete cross-border contracts, variable trade costs become endogenous. Due to the hold-up problem, the quantity produced for a foreign market is reduced. Moreover, a double marginalization problem arises. The model predicts a sorting of exporters along their comparative advantages, which is confirmed by the data. Comparative advantage of a firm covers not only productivity but also brand reputation and marketability of a variety.
Search and matching frictions. The introduction of search and matching frictions in business-to-business relationships endogeneizes both variable trade costs and fixed market entry costs. The model predicts a sorting of firms along their comparative advantages, but is otherwise close to the analytical frontier.
Missing trust. That trade history matters for present trade flows. This evidence is in line with the idea that trust accumulates as an externality when trade takes place. Trade flows close on average 20% each year of the gap from their initial positions to steady-state values.