Abstract:
This dissertation explores the development of German foreign language policy from the mid-1980s to 1998. Based on an theory-guided empirical analysis, it seeks to explain changes in German foreign language policy after unification by applying three competing foreign policy theories: (modified) neorealism, utilitarian liberalism and constructivism, each one derived from major schools of thought in International Relations theory. The central questions are: Did Germany’s strengthened power position in the international and European system after 1990 cause a shift in foreign language policy towards power politics, as neorealists would predict? Or was German foreign language policy rather determined by gain-seeking interests of assertive domestic actors, following utilitarian-liberalists’ assumptions, or by national and international social norms, supporting constructivists’ expectations?
The three theories are tested in two domains of foreign cultural policy: 1) the promotion of German in the States of Central and South Eastern Europe and 2) the promotion of German as a working language within the institutions of the European Union. The applied method is a structured, focused comparison in four qualified single cases: the establishment of cultural agencies (Goethe-Institute) and the delegation of German teachers in order to support German in Central and South Eastern Europe (I+II), and the promotion of German in the European Commission and the European Council (III+IV). In a first step, theoretically deduced hypotheses are tested by observing co-variance between the independent and dependent variable. In a second step, the explanatory power of the three theories is evaluated by further observations to prove causality.
On the basis of rich empirical data and detailed information, the results show the (modified) neorealist theory as the only one that could explain German foreign language policy in all four cases, whereas the other two fail in at least one domain. The enhanced promotion of German in Central and South Eastern Europe after 1990 can be characterized as influence seeking politics, although the actual behavior was also consistent with dominant international and domestic cultural norms, giving confidence in the explanatory strength of the constructivist theory. The increasing but modest policies to improve the status of German as a working language within the institutions of the European Union can be described as influence and autonomy seeking politics, but was just as well driven by domestic interests, affirming utilitarian-liberal expectations.
Aside from the mentioned results, the last chapter also delivers insights into conceptual strengths and weaknesses of the three theories and offers conclusions about their applicability to the issue area of foreign cultural policy. In a final part the findings are put into context with results from other empirical studies about German foreign policy since unification.