Abstract:
Increasing uncertainty in many work processes of the modern economy gives rise to the organization of work in the form of projects. In this context, the task of “managing” projects gains in importance: How is it possible to plan and control contingent work processes in order to maintain agreed goals, deadlines, and costs? The advancement and the differentiation of project management as a permanent function gives rise to the expectation that a new and separate profession may develop.
To the present day, there is no systematic research on the development of “project management” as a profession. The present study, located in the field of sociology of occupations and professions, closes this gap. Initially, as a heuristic for the empirical analysis, a multi-level theoretical approach is developed: (1) it starts with the classical, economically accented term of occupation of Max Weber and related process models. With recourse to theories of professionalization, this ideal typical model is connected with (2) the power approach and the question of achieving professional autonomy as well as with (3) approaches which focus on the structures of professional action. The empirical studies start with the analysis of the development of the most important professional association of project management in Germany, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Projektmanagement (GPM). Subsequently, tendencies and strategies of professionalization in main functional areas are reconstructed: the main focus lies on software development, construction engineering and industrial research, which are, for purposes of comparison, are complemented briefly with further areas of modern society. The almost complete lack of historical analyses of the phenomenon as well as systematic studies in the field of the sociology of occupations and professions suggests a qualitative and explorative research design.
In spite of a similar structural problem in the different functional areas of the economy, there is no integrated or unitary occupational development. In fact, the observed processes and strategies in different economic areas are dependent on the particular problem, organizational and professional structures.
In two of the three focused functional areas, software development and construction engineering, the function of project management has developed to an occupation in a socio-economic sense – career opportunities have been formed. However, the acquisition of competences in project management is much less institutionalized – they are mostly gained „on the job“ or in the form of short training programs – than their economic utilization. In the functional area of research and development, but also in all other functional areas of modern society, to the present day, project management has not even yet developed into an occupation in a basic Weberian sense.
Concerning the question of control of the professionalization process, we can, again, observe divergent developments in the different functional areas: in construction engineering the central actors follow a “classical” strategy of autonomization in the sense of professionalization. The process is mainly pushed and controlled by the professionals themselves. In order to gain recognition as a separate profession in the system of professions, project management has to stand up to architecture. However, legal regulation of the claim of jurisdiction could not yet be enforced. By contrast, the professionalization process in software development is furthered less by the professionals themselves but rather heteronomical by corporations. Concerning generalization, this case is especially interesting, because the contribution of (corporate) organizations on processes of professionalization is still not yet sufficiently researched in the existing literature.
Looking at the professional action structures in the different functional areas, in the first instance, there are similarities with the problem and action structures of classical professions: the problem of control which can be observed for project management cannot be fully technisized, but can only adequately dealt with practically and by specifically trained project managers. This is the reason why organizations are almost inevitably dependent on professionalization – the problem cannot be dealt with adequately using other (organizational) forms. However, a detailed analysis shows, that we cannot speak of a professionalization in the sense of the sociological structural model [strukturtheoretischer Ansatz]. This intermediate position of the action structure of the project manager – and this is a second central finding which can provide direction for further research – suggests an extension of the existing terms and concepts in the sociology of occupations and professions. Especially against the background of similar results of studies of other occupational functions and professions like advertising or consulting it should be considered in how far it might be empirically fruitful to speak of “creative occupations”. Therefrom, new conceptual and theoretical perspectives for the research on occupations and professions will result.