Abstract:
Tournaments are used in a variety of contexts for ranking competitors on an ordinal scale according to their relative achievements. From competitive sports to manager compensation, they provide a mechanism for incentivizing and selecting contestants in a world of incomplete information. This thesis focuses on the selection aspect, and shows how external (institutional and market) conditions affect selection efficiency in the context of heterogeneous competitors, when the winning prize is determined endogenously by a post-tournament auction.
The introduction of a post-tournament auction to endogenize contestants’ expected payoffs allows for a scenario where the tournament winner benefits less from the winning prize itself than more from the positive signal that his victory conveys to the outside world. In the case of a sports tournament, for example, the winner is likely to earn more from resulting endorsement contracts than from the actual prize money. Similarly, in project finance, contestants are more interested in the actual financing of their projects than in what is usually a comparatively small winner’s prize.
In addition to an extensive review of the literature on tournaments, this thesis therefore provides a detailed discussion of a common value auction with asymmetric information, the most appropriate type of auction for the two selected applications from the realm of project finance. While the main focus of the thesis is on information generation and selection efficiency, the tournament-cum-auction setup also allows for analysis of the interaction between the contestants’ signaling efforts in the tournament and the bidders’ equilibrium strategies and payoffs in the subsequent auction. As a result, it is possible to analyze the effects of changes in exogenous parameters not only on selection efficiency, but also on those strategies and payoffs.
The first application is a rank-order tournament in the context of an internal capital market, with a subsequent spin-off of the losing division through a corporate auction. At the beginning of the auction, one investor has an incentive to acquire the inside information on the division’s quality, which was generated during the internal tournament. The second application is a business plan contest, after which the winner can choose between different financing options. One potential financier is the tournament sponsor herself, a venture capitalist who acquired inside quality information during the tournament. Other potential financiers are less-informed outside investors, for whom the fact that the project has won acts as a quality seal.
The analysis of the internal capital market contributes to the literatures on internal capital markets and corporate auctions by providing the following main results: Selection efficiency is higher in more highly valued conglomerates and in more traditional and well-understood markets. It also rises with an increase in managers’ nonmonetary control benefits. In turn, information asymmetry between the better-informed and the less-informed investor in the subsequent corporate auction is lower in more highly valued conglomerates and in less traditional and less well-understood markets. The result of lower information asymmetry is a lower expected payoff for the better-informed investor and a higher expected payoff for the conglomerate’s headquarters.
The analysis of the business plan contest contributes to the literature on venture capital by providing the following main results: Selection efficiency is generally higher in more competitive contests, but it falls when competitiveness increases further from an already very high level. Selection efficiency is also higher in more industry-specific contests where the venture capitalist has special expertise, as well as in contests that focus on higher value-added industries. In turn, information asymmetry between the venture capitalist and the outside investor is lower in more competitive and in more industry-specific business plan contests. The result of lower information asymmetry is a lower expected payoff for the venture capitalist and a higher expected payoff for contestants with a high project quality.
Based on these results, it is possible to formulate a number of empirically verifiable hypotheses on the effects of different market conditions and institutional settings on the outcomes of corporate auctions and business plan contests, as well as on their attractiveness for all parties. The verification of these hypotheses is left for future research. Further avenues for future research include modifications of the theoretical model setup, as well as the application of the framework to different selection problems, both in the realm of project finance and beyond.