Abstract:
The ever increasing number of female runners results in a rise in the number of running shoes made specifically for women. Studies investigating different shoe properties with regard to their effect on the musculoskeletal system focused mainly on male runners. It remains unclear whether running shoes for women are based sufficiently on knowledge about gender specific differences.
Anatomic differences in women lead to increased laxity and less joint stability, which are considered to play a role in the development of overuse injuries. Prevention of overuse injuries and comfort issues are therefore the most important criteria for the manufacture of running shoes.
The aim of the present study was to investigate gender specific differences with regard to clinical, biomechanical and anthropometrical variables in order to make a recommendation for running shoes specifically for women.
The clinical examination and collection of plantar pressure and kinematic data of the lower extremity while running (12 km/h, barefoot) were conducted on 19 men and 21 women. For the anthropometric data, 847 subjects (424 women) were analyzed using a scanner which reconstructs the three-dimensional surface of the foot. Moreover, measures of the female feet were compared with a running shoe last.
In addition to descriptive imaging of the results, Student’s t-tests were used to detect gender specific differences, if present. A cluster analysis was used to generate different foot types.
Results of the first part of the study show an increased laxity and flexibility of the ligamentous structures and the musculature of the lower extremities. Furthermore, as a result of the greater hip adduction and the slightly increased pronation movement, women show more signs of so-called medial collapse.
The kinematic results do not find expression in an increased loading of the medial foot regions. Normalized maximal vertical ground reaction forces and their slopes of the entire foot region and the lateral heel region are smaller in women. The latter show increased flexion components in all joints within the first 70 percent of stance.
Results of the second part of the investigation demonstrate that female feet are more narrow and flatter than men’s feet when regarding the same foot length. Surprisingly, relative values do not confirm these findings. A cluster analysis was able to detect the reason for the mentioned discrepancy: three clusters were generated, each representing a different foot shape. The shape of the foot depends on the foot length. Shorter feet are more often voluminous, while longer feet are more likely to be narrow and flat.
Since shoe sizes of short male feet correspond to the shoe sizes of long female feet, gender specific differences in sizes EU 38-40 are obvious. The distribution of the different foot types over the entire size range follows the same pattern for both men and women, with a shift of approximately three shoe sizes between genders.
Sizable differences are present when comparing the female foot shape with the male lasts, which are also used for manufacturing women’s running shoes. The depicted differences, particularly with regard to width measures, depend on shoe size. This indicates that the grading of the last does not relate to the increase of width in real feet. The widths of the lasts fit the voluminous foot type, and the narrower and flatter feet are not represented sufficiently.
As a result of the mentioned gender differences in the clinical and biomechanical part of the study, and with respect to injury prevention, the focus of female running shoe construction should be placed on stability features. Different concepts to increase stability are presented in this paper. The reduced body weight in females and their reduced running pace should also be accounted for in choosing the right midsole density. However, the main focus of this study is the optimization of shoe fitting, which plays an important role for both comfort and stability. To improve shoe fitting, the proportions of the female foot and the changes with increased foot length must be taken into account. Therefore, the practice of applying a male last to female feet has to be questioned.
Furthermore, the grading of the last, especially for width measures, does not sufficiently reflect the different foot types. A non-linear grading pattern is recommended which reflects the grading of the dominant foot type(s) of the different shoe sizes, and is therefore able to allow a proper shoe fit for the majority of the population.
The present paper includes a precise proposal for the optimization of last grading, which incorporates the mentioned relevant criteria and is therefore able to make an important step towards improving the conceptual design of female specific running shoes.