Abstract:
Since the 1960s, the field of open economy macroeconomics has been largely dominated by the Mundell-Fleming model and its perfect-foresight extension of Dornbusch (1976). When dealing with classical issues of international macroeconomics, including for instance the international transmission of monetary and fiscal policy or the evaluation of exchange-rate regimes, both academic researchers and policymakers relied heavily on the Keynesian type model framework that emerged from the works of Fleming (1962) and Mundell (1963, 1964). Especially during the last decade, a tremendous amount of research has been undertaken to overcome the drawbacks of this approach, such as the lack of any microfoundation, and to develop a new workhorse for the analysis of international macroeconomic issues. Eventually, these attempts resulted in the emergence of a new paradigm in international macroeconomics, labeled "New Open Economy Macroeconomics" (NOEM). The unifying feature of this literature is the combination of monopolistic behavior of economic agents with nominal rigidities in the context of explicitly microfounded general equilibrium models. The NOEM approach provides a suitable framework to address the questions raised by the international fiscal policy debate.
In this dissertation, we address the issue of fiscal expansions under alternative exchange rate regimes within the New Open Economy Macroeconomics model framework. In order to assess the effects of asymmetric expansive fiscal policies in an international context, we deploy a microfounded two-country general equilibrium model along the lines of Obstfeld and Rogoff (1995). However, we account for several stylized facts by extending the model in various directions. First, we introduce money via cash-in-advance constraints on households and on governments instead of modeling real balances as a direct argument of the households' utility function. We thereby modify the scale variable of money demand in that not only private consumption but also public spending triggers money demand. Second, we depart from the assumption of identical preferences across countries and consider the possibility of a home bias in consumption. Third, we drop the assumption that the law of one price holds for all goods at any time. Instead, we follow Betts and Devereux (2000) and allow for a special form of pricing-to-market (PTM) behavior.
Given this model setup, we investigate the transmission of asymmetric fiscal disturbances under a flexible exchange rate regime and in a monetary union. Following a separate analysis of the two exchange rate regimes, we provide a direct comparison of the results and the major economic mechanisms at work. In our evaluation of the effects of fiscal policy, the main focus lays on two potential policy targets: output stabilization and overall welfare. Our analysis reveals that under both policy targets, households in the country where the fiscal shock originates prefer a monetary union to a flexible exchange rate regime, while the opposite result holds for households in the foreign country. Importantly, this result is independent of the persistence of the fiscal disturbance. The reason lies in the expenditure switching and terms of trade effects that are prevailing under flexible exchange rates, while being absent in a monetary union. Our assumption of an absorption based money demand function results in an appreciation of the short run nominal exchange rate following a domestic fiscal expansion. The associated expenditure switching effect increases foreign output at the expense of domestic output. Simultaneously, the domestic terms of trade improve for relatively low levels of PTM, while they deteriorate if the majority of the firms follow this kind of pricing behavior. In terms of overall domestic welfare, we show that for positive values of PTM, the combination of these two effects results in welfare losses of domestic households. Altogether, fiscal expansions are always a prosper-thy-neighbor instrument under a flexible exchange rate regime. If, in contrast, the two countries engage in a monetary union, the international transmission mechanisms of fiscal expansions are very different. The distinction between the pricing behaviors of firms then becomes irrelevant. If there is a home bias in consumption, short run domestic production is higher than in the initial state, while the foreign country experiences a negative spillover effect on production. These short run production responses in turn translate into relative welfare gains for domestic households. In a monetary union, fiscal expansions are thus a beggar-thy-neighbor instrument if the fiscal expansion is only temporary and preferences are biased towards domestically produced goods. This finding might provide a rationale for mechanisms to control excessive fiscal spending in a monetary union. Given these results, we present a direct comparison of the effects under the two exchange rate regimes and a thorough analysis of the quantitative implications of the pricing behavior of firms and a home bias in consumption.