Abstract:
A life free of hunger is an essential part of human well-being. For measuring nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), we follow the methodology of anthropometric historians. Inadequate nutritional intake and high energy demands stunt bodily growth. Based on this biological relationship, we analyse heights of more than 160 000 women from 28 African countries drawn from the Demographic and Health Surveys, a new and comprehensive source of anthropometric data for Africa.
What was the state of nutrition in SSA in the 1960s? Which development of nutrition took place 1950-1980? Which factors can explain the differences in nutritional status across space and time? The study focuses on underlying causes at country level. Which impact, for example, had the countries’ epidemiological environment? Did the economic development determined the changes in nutritional status? Did the importsubstitution policy negatively affected nutrition? Our results indicate, that in the 1960s nutrition was in a good state. The temporal development, however, contradicts this optimistic view: In a number of African countries mean heights stagnated or decreased between 1950 and 1980 and even though in several African countries the nutritional status improved till 1965, in the decade thereafter almost the entire Southwest and Southeast of the African continent went to a nutritional or health crisis. Consequently, SSA represents an important exception to the secular trend usually found in international respect. A significant explanation for the differences in nutrition in SSA provide the protein supply and especially variables associated with the disease environment pointing to negative consequences of high energy demands. The adverse African climate causes a multitude of diseases like Malaria, which strongly affected African heights. Significant determinants of the temporal differences in nutrition include infant mortality as well as droughts, which hit the Sahel states around 1970. Additionally, civil wars, the economic development and openness to foreign trade influenced the nutritional well-being of African populations significantly.
Information on inequality in SSA for the time before 1980 is in scarce supply. Anthropometric measures have the potential to increase our knowledge thereof significantly. Height distributions reflect an unequal allocation of nutritional and health inputs. The socially induced variance is to be added to the biological variance of heights. An anthropometric measure, which takes this into account, is the coefficient of variation of heights: The measure indicates nutritional inequality within populations and allows new insights into the development and spatial patterns of inequality. When comparing nutritional inequality with the few available data on income inequality, we find a positive correlation between both measures. We use the newly derived data to map inequality between and within 200 administrative regions in the 1960s. In a regression analysis, we test potential determinants of inequality, e.g. specialization in livestock farming, subsistence farming vs. cash crops, existence and type of industries and natural resources, periphery, education, and ethnic heterogeneity.
Is nutrition a possible cause of civil wars in SSA? The quantitative literature considers other explanations so far like the regime type, ethnic heterogeneity, poverty in terms of GDP/c or dependence on primary commodity exports, which, however cannot explain why some African countries experienced civil wars while others were free of rebels. There are persuasive arguments as well as qualitative evidence, that agriculture and nutrition should be considered a cause of violent conflicts. Whether nutrition triggers civil wars, is a very important question. Civil wars aggravate nutritional problems. If nutritional crises also increase the risk of civil wars, a vicious circle would follow. A panel-analysis demonstrates, that nutritional crises significantly preceded civil wars. When analysing the rebel groups’ choice of location, the results confirm, that nutrition and agriculture can explain civil wars in SSA.