Abstract:
Burial and grief rituals were studied in the rural-influenced small city Moor (Hungary), for three different periods (presocialism, socialism and postsocialism) from 1940 to 2002. The main research topic was the deceased person and her milieu. Hereby was the theme complex "Dying-Death-Mourning" the leading concept.
After the Second World War, dramatic political changes affected everyday life and traditions of Moor´s inhabitants. The expulsion of German descendants had a key role in this process. Furthermore, the formation of the communist regime demanded a widespread adaptation of every day rituals. For the conscientious and tradition-oriented inhabitants, the burial of their death relatives represented a challenge. The ritual structures, which in time of peace helped to overcome grief, were impossible to continue in the old traditional ways. Help from neighbors during dying situations was exceptional. In hours of need, people found support with the nearest relatives and friends. The funeral undertakers "Jánni Family" was recognized in town, and they looked after a smoothly course of burial ceremonies, also following old practices. They worked as well during funerals of young persons and people who committed suicide.
After the agitated political and social years, the systematic and deliberated construction of socialism followed. Socialist reforms eradicated the traditional and rural working organization. Dealing with death and dying during this time was possible with help of two institutions for two different social and cultural levels. On one side was the socialist regime propagating the atheist ideology as the only valid form of burying. On the other hand, offered the Christian community some help to the bereaved during the funeral. The inauguration of the hospital brought significant changes in burial practices and rituals, although this event represented a major improvement in life quality for the town inhabitants. Death persons were directly transferred from the hospital to the cemetery. This practice was soon carried out also during death events at home. The last possibility to saying good-bye was subsequently in the cemetery during the burial ceremony. The Communist Party in Moor organized the socialist funerals for its members. Funeral orations served principally to consolidate the socialist Weltanschauung. This form of burial confronted the religious rituals, which many Moor´s inhabitants considered nevertheless the only valid funeral form. An added difficulty was the change of the liturgical language from Latin to Hungarian in the sixties. The Olah and Romungro gypsies were able to continue their burial practices and traditions. Their financial situation was improved during the socialist rule, showing splendid funerals all through the eighties. With it gypsy music obtained an important role.
Since the middle of the eighties and especially during the Wall Fall in 1989, significant developments brought radical changes in all subjects of life. This process transformed the relations to death, as well as the rituals related to dying, funerals and mourning. The socialist "Family Office" developed into two different private funeral directors. Although Mr. Jánni had a long experience, he could not continue directing one of the undertakers, because he lacked of the needing starting capital. From deathbed to grave, professionals accompanied the death person. The majority of the bereaved took overwhelming the offered services of the new companies. In this respect, the gypsies were interested on these services, as long as they corresponded to their believes and concepts of values.
For the post socialist mourning rituals, traditional grief behaviors mixed with open mourning forms from the socialist period. This convergence caused a relaxation of the traditional grief rules and contributed to the development of modern and individual forms of expression as well as grief overcoming.