Abstract:
Which new tendencies are there in the orientations especially in the political orientations of adolescent employees? Are there also new tendencies concerning their social and political engagement? What does this mean for current youth work? These are the leading research questions of this study, conducted with young employees of industry and trade in Germany. A standardized questionnaire was used to survey 1.042 randomly chosen young people. Additionally 50 guided interviews and a further 5 in-depth interviews with politically active and/or unionised young people were held. The results differed according to social origin, education, gender, and socio-economic background, as well as willingness for participation and attitudes towards trade unions. A central result was the will of young employees to integrate into society . The trend is joining in and taking part instead of dropping out. There are new societal requirements, which the young people try to meet. Young people fear disintegration and unemployment, so their attitudes and claims are shaped by the new societal requirements. This strong relation can be seen in diverse results, e.g. in the substantial meaning of work for the surveyed young employees. Their leisure is dominated by their job. Although having fun is their first choice in leisure time, the adolescents do not see themselves as being in a fun society . They feature a personal future optimism, however, this is contrasted by their political pessimism. Young people attach great importance to professionalism as a value in itself; they have adopted a pragmatic and sober-minded attitude towards politics and their own way of living. Their actions are not led by comprehensive ideals and values; flexibility and mobility are the guidelines. The following crucial results can be interpreted in this context: Renunciation of formal politics Young people are not disenchanted with politics, because mostly they have only little experience with policy. For most of the respondents, politics is only what politicians do, and they do not want to have anything to do with party politics. They try to avoid self-positioning in the right-left spectrum of political attitudes. To have a definite political standpoint is considered to be more harmful than helpful. Accordingly, three forms of renunciation of politics can be found: political denial, political neglect, and the exterritorysation of politics. A culture of political discussion is lacking, all that is done is to complain about politics. Political education and interest is often narrow, thus dominant political discourses are adopted without much thought. Far-right orientations are widespread, because they comply with the societal trend. Attitudes of young trade union members do not differ from attitudes of nonmembers. No avoidance from organisations Young people turn away from political parties, however, they do not turn away from organisations in principle. Young employees have a pragmatic and functional relationship to organisations such as trade unions and youth organisations. Their understanding of trade unions is narrow, only the protection function of trade unions is seen to be important. The engagement of young people in organisations has changed. It is not social responsibility or duty, but self-development and acting in their own interest which affect engagement in general and in organisations. Social differentiation and segmentation The results show that a process of segmentation is occurring. A difference is made between East Germans and West Germans , foreign nationals and Germans , and disadvantaged and privileged . Those groups differ in their political orientations. Social affiliation to a segment is very important for the individual, it provides stability and seeming integration. The increasing importance of segmentation can be derived from the increasing importance of the familiy, the peer-group, the scene, the milieu, the clan and similar community modes for the young respondents.