Abstract:
The research compares the development of hazardous waste policy in Germany, Canada, and the United States for the period 1970 through 1996. It also tests the convergence hypothesis which postulates that with progressing technological development industrial societies will grow more and more alike in their political structures, processes and capabilities.
Policy objectives and priorities of hazardous waste regulation in Germany, Canada and the United States went through identical phases of development - departing from the establishment of simple control systems, to the establishment of detailed environmental standards for hazardous waste disposal and onward to the implementation of international regimes. The phases of development result primarily from iterative adjustments between regulations and regulated economic sector. Choices of regulative approaches, setting of administrative and technical standards, and policy instruments differ, however. This divergence results from the different context of hazardous waste regulation with respect to broader constitutional and environmental law. Only in the control of im- and export of hazardous wastes as well as some particular aspects of technical standards for hazardous waste incinerators have international cooperation or transnational knowledge transfer superseded domestic politics in the policy process and lead to convergent policy development.
The study demonstrates that even amongst Western industrialised countries the convergence hypothesis can be confirmed only at the level of general policy goals. The need to legitimise hazardous waste regulation in the domestic political process attenuates the influence of international cooperation and transnational knowledge sharing.