Abstract:
The following study „A typology of Courtly Hermitages of the 16th-18th centuries” has intended to systematically arrange and classify the complex phenomenon of the hermitage. A broad range of analyses spans from its religious origins in early Christian Orient, the foundation of monasteries, especially those of Carthusian monks to the refuges of pious counts and a multitude of courtly hermitages.
The latter had their predecessors in antiquity, in suburbian renaissance residences, and in the Sacri Monti and Sacri Boschi of the worldly and clerical rulers of Italy, as well as in the formal French gardens with broderie-parterres, clipped hedges, and statues that had been developed under Louis XIV and his landscape architect Le Nôtre as an external sign of absolutism. The height of this movement was reached with the maisons de plaisance “Trianon” and “Marly” now specifically called hermitages, whose name and architectonic design became a synonym of courtly hermitages all over Europe. With the adoption of English landscape parks on the continent at the end of the 18th century the commitment to liberal fair-mindedness and, under the influence of the writings of Rousseau, the turn toward nature was increasingly emphasized. The luxurious and expensive garden arrangements and park constructions morphed into “natural” gardens with modest huts and accessories which in turn became eye-catching “melancholic evocations of moods” adorned with wooden or authentic ornamental hermits, according to the garden studies of Professor Hirschfeld of Kiel. From antiquity through the end of the 18th century, certain themes remained the same: the flight of noble society from the restrictions and protocol of the court into private refuge with a circle of selected courtiers, and the dedication to leisure and to pleasure of art and philosophy.
This study is divided in three parts:
1. the historical evolution of hermitages
2. selected examples of courtly hermitages in Europe
3. a typology of courtly hermitages in Germany.
In all three parts a selection had to be made, since the topic of the hermitage turned out to be overall too wide-ranging for this dissertation. In the third part an additional sub-division has been introduced in order to account for the diversity of existing and formerly existing hermitages, first following architectonic material design and then following functional criteria.
Individual architectonic variations such as huts, chapels, garden pavilions, grottoes, ruins, and spa installations are documented with several examples in each case. As a result, certain continuous elements were revealed amid the diversity: the location in as remote corner of the park, protected by wood or pine bushes. The “natural” materials used to build hermitages consisted either of wood, tree bark, straw, sea shells, tuff or of stucco, marble, and sumptuous incrustations with semiprecious stones. Another particularity of courtly hermitages turned out to be certain types of rooms, such as a library or a bathroom, which because of the difficulty of access, were usually only available to the count. One architectonic basic shape consisted in the octagon with a cupola and a lantern. The introduction of English landscape parks was accompanied by gothic ruins, Masonic temples and towers, pyramids, chinoiseries, swiss houses, and dairy farms on the European mainland.
The organization of hermitages according to function rendered most importantly a secondary differentiation within the purely courtly hermitages: they served as retreats and maisons de plaisance, hunting lodges, exotic park structures, tuscula, bibliophile refuges, country escapes, places of play and masquerade, accessories in landscape gardens, masonic cult sites, and burial sites.
It was at very different moments in time that the master example “Marly” as well as the residences of Bayreuth, Waghäusel, Arlesheim, Heeschenberg, and in particular the Hermitage of St. Petersburg were called “hermitages” by their builders. The famous summer residences Sans Souci, Nymphenburg, Pillnitz, Clemenswerth and others would deserve to be called “hermitages” in analogy to them, since they all were built far away from the principal resident castle, were meant to be only for the count and his selected group of courtiers, were destined for limited stays and retreats, and finally were used in wilful neglect of protocol and country rule.