Abstract:
In 1910, Berlin publisher Herwarth Walden (1876-1941) founded “Der Sturm”, a weekly journal dedicated to culture and the arts. Two years later, he also opened a gallery of the same name; regular exhibitions in Berlin and elsewhere in Europe followed. “Der Sturm” soon became a focal point of the Expressionist movement, a forum where ideas were exchanged on topics such as abstraction, the task of modern art and the internationalisation of cultural movements. More than anything else, however, “Der Sturm” was a network of artists – a web whose threads converged at Nell and Herwarth Walden’s Potsdamer Strasse studio and gallery in Berlin for two decades between 1910 and 1932. Expanded to include a “Sturm” school (1916), a “Sturm” stage (1917) and other, sometimes short-lived forms of cultural communication, “Der Sturm” had the ambitious goal of reforming society through art.
Outstanding figures of classical Modernism such as Vassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Oskar Kokoschka, August Macke, Marc Chagall and Paul Klee received considerable support from Herwarth and Nell Walden and owe some of their fame to their exhibitions and contacts to “Der Sturm”.
Although many women who produced woodcuts, drawings and even large paintings are included in the exhibition lists and presented in the journal, art history seems to have largely failed to mention them. They include Jacoba van Heemskerck (1876-1923), Nell Walden (1887-1975), Gabriele Münter (1877-1962), Marianne Werefkin (1870-1938) and Maria Uhden (1892-1918). These artists are the focus of this study.
Starting from the premise that the failure of art historians to give adequate consideration to female members of “Der Sturm” can be traced back to gender-coded notions, this historiographical analysis of sources examines the interplay between the women’s self-presentations in letters and diaries as well as in their own art, and descriptions by others in exhibition reviews, letters or texts in the journal “Der Sturm”.
The central questions of the study are: What role did female artists play in “Der Sturm”? When were their works exhibited, and which works were shown? What role did “Der Sturm” play in the identity formation of these women and in their self-image as artists? Why are the works of these artists hardly remembered in art history, and what might this have to do with the image of women in “Der Sturm” and in its time?
By differentiating between self-presentations and descriptions of the artists by others, this investigation of female artists in “Der Sturm” sheds light on aspects of “doing gender” that perpetuate specific role models within the “Sturm” movement. These models impacted on the women’s artistic self-image, on their work, on their position within the “Sturm” network and on the overall historical reception of their work. The analysis of written representations by the artists themselves and by others takes the historical context into account and examines the image of women in “Der Sturm” against the backdrop of the socio-political and socio-cultural issues of the day.
The source material reveals that “Der Sturm” was dominated by a consensus on the “nature of women” that was contingent on historical and contextual factors. When writing about themselves, the female members of the group sometimes ignored these ideas, but nevertheless they positioned themselves accordingly and even confirmed them in order to secure their own position as artists in the network. In “Der Sturm”, female artists and their works tended to be viewed as exponents of “pure”, “authentic” or “primitive” art. These labels were interpreted to their disadvantage in the later course of art history and gave rise to the construct of a typically “female” kind of art. This notion was enshrined in the Expressionist movement, and in the ensuing historiography of art it resulted in a marginalisation of female artists.
The present study is intended to be understood as basic research into “Der Sturm” and the image of women within Expressionism. As research on “Der Sturm” is relatively scanty, and as it has so far largely ignored female artists, it was hardly possible to refer to earlier research results. This work should therefore be viewed as a starting point, as an initial gathering of basic facts and investigation of initial questions.