Abstract:
The present study exposes the socio-technological development of chipped stone industries in Egypt, the Levant and Northern Mesopotamia during the 6th to 4th millennium BCE. A basic theoretical framework for the examination of technological selections such as the knapping method or retouching patterns is given by the concept of the lithic chaîne opératoire.
Further, organisational aspects of tool production, the distribution and utilisation (such as raw material acquisition or the re-distribution of the products/tools) can be analysed in terms of the technological habitus of a community (and thus a cultural unit) and social-technological networks. The study also discusses various aspects of innovative processes, in particular the transfer of new technological attributes (tool types) or knapping techniques.
Assuming the regional analysis, it is to point out that a techno-morphological standardisation becomes established in Egypt since the 6th millennium BCE, which leads to a centralized lithic production in early dynastic times. This is true at least for the flint blade sickles and bifacial knifes, that were widely distributed throughout the whole country.
A different pattern is to observe in the Southern Levant, where during the 5th and 4th millennium BCE small-sectioned local networks equally exchanged raw materials such as lithic tools, ceramic vessels and other goods. This picture changed to the establishment of specialized production sites in a larger-scaled related network of the Early Bronze Age.
Again in Northern Mesopotamia, the circulation of obsidian based on few central production sites both in the vicinity of the Taurus obsidian and in sites far away from the source region (Hamoukar, Tepe Gawra, Tell Brak for instance) from the beginning of the 5th millennium BCE. Masses of obsidian in these places assume closely cooperative networks over long distances. In contrast, the production of flint tools was organized on a local level.
At least, the appearance of the large blade canaanean technology both in Northern Mesopotamia and in the Levant reveals that lithic production and tool distribution were organized within settlement networks, in which few redistributive places were primarily specialized in particular purposes.
The comprehensive diachronic study demonstrates true coincidences in both the technological evolution and social organisation of lithic production. Regarding to technological style, which is defined by a specific knapping technique and further tool modification, it is clear that the lithic artisan (or social unit) practises a specific technological gesture. This is equivalent to a social habitus and thus a cultural marker.
A detailed analysis of tool groups (here on the basis on projectile points) shows a gradual change, which first appears as a re-combination of well known and new technological attributes. A first experimental phase precedes the innovative transfer in lithic tool manufacture but true “prototypes” of tool types are rarely traceable in the archaeological record. Within a subsequent phase of standardisation, “new” tool types will be established.
The diffusion and establishment of socio-technological innovations is evident within the subsequent standardisation and reduction of the types and/or technological attributes. Social changes in lithic production are rather to identify within the differentiation of the lithic chaîne opératoire. In particular, single tasks such as raw material procurement and processing, tool distribution and tool-using were performed by different specialists. Such a clear division-of-labour is not to demonstrate in the archaeological record before the mid 4th millennium BCE.