Abstract:
The primary objective of the analyses and investigations in this paper has been expected to explicitly relate ritual to the archaeology of mortuary practices. To determine how mortuary data are used to reconstruct ancient funerary rituals in the Middle Euphrates communities during the third millennium BCE, we have to examine the specific archaeological records, in which the acts and expressions involved in the practice of funerary rituals have left their material imprint, although in a very small proportion. The evaluation upon funerary practices in the Middle Euphrates valley with a particular concentration on the four sites in the close vicinity of the region demonstrates a dramatic increase of EBA funerary record by the middle of the third millennium BCE. Most of the surviving burials at these sites belong to the EBAIII-IV as well as EBA IVA, dating to the mid-late of the third millennium BCE (e.g., Period 2B at Jerablus Tahtani, Phases A-C at Tell Ahmar, Periods IV-III at Banat settlement complex, and Period IIA-B at Gre Virike), as opposed to the first half of that era that is characterized by the rarity of burials in their communities. Attempts to understand different patterns of funerary practices have emphasized the concept of ritual as our purpose of this study. The third millennium mortuary data from the Middle Euphrates sites considered in this study have revealed considerably rich material of the tomb contents, and some distinctive elements of human/animal remains and artifacts within these graves can be taken as material remains or manifestations of ritual acts at the time of interments. The mourners seem to have participated in primary burial rituals, mourning rituals, and secondary burial rituals - if there was any evidence for secondary inhumation. Ritual and ceremony triggered by a death consist of not only those performed at the time of interments but also commemorative activities that were conducted after the interments of the individuals within.