Abstract:
The depiction of non-heterosexual families, so-called Queer Families, in contemporary American Film and Television is addressed. There has been a pluralization and diversification of family meaning in public discourse. However, it has barely moved beyond its underlying heteronormativity. Today, family can mean nuclear family, blended family, family with a single parent or different generations. Yet, non-heterosexual or queer (that is gay / lesbian / bisexual / transgender) families are scarcely represented. Family notions that resist the ideas of heterosexuality and reproduction are marginalized.
The Queer Family Claim challenges this condition. It is meant to be understood as a concentration of claims for equal rights, that are made in political as well as in filmic discourse. Its goal is to show the (alleged) naturalness / originality of the heterosexual family as a cultural construction.
Varying positions are analyzed in motion pictures, TV movies, series and miniseries since the 1980s. The Queer Family Claim is understood as a narrative operating on two different levels. In the family of origin a heterosexual / transsexual character demands his / her position within the family. This interrupts the reproduction of heteronormative assumptions and can lead to a renegotiation. On a second level, the films provide us with portrayals of Queer Families that cannot be distinguished from heterosexual families, in regards to their (dys)function. Thus, a normative distinction becomes obsolete.
Chapter two reveals the family as a historically contingent construction that has changed over time. The production of a heteronormative family ideal is illustrated that the Queer Family Claim aims to renounce.
Chapter three provides an overview of the depiction of homosexuality in film. The discovered increase in visibility enables the formation of a Queer Family Claim. By shifting the focus from sexualization towards personalization of homosexual / transgender characters, a negotiation of their family positions becomes possible. A second overview shows the variety of portrayed Queer Families in film since the 1980s.
Chapter four deals with the normativity of middle-class heterosexual family culture, as shown in the two movies American Beauty (1999) and Far from Heaven (2002). The notion, that the heterosexual nuclear family is the natural / original family form, is rejected. Once this hegemonic family notion is questioned, new and different family options are conceivable.
Chapter five focuses on the conflict between family and transsexuality. In both films, Normal (2003) and Transamerica (2005), the question of gender and parent constellation is renegotiated. The premise of a binary gender arrangement is renounced.
These considerations are resumed in the TV series Six Feet Under (2001-2005) in chapter six. Instead of a heterosexual nuclear family, a gay nuclear family is portrayed. (Normative) Distinctions between heterosexual and homosexual nuclear families, regarding familial (dys)function, become obsolete in this portrayal.
Chapter seven addresses the depiction of a chosen family in the TV miniseries Tales of the City (1993 / 1998 / 2001). Not only heteronormative gender arrangements but also household borders are transcended. Family becomes a more flexible organizational form.
The Queer Family Claim is to be understood as an affirmation of family. It accomplishes the transgression of family meaning beyond heteronormative assumptions. Instead of gender or sexuality, a definition according to family functions seems to be the more appropriate approach.