Abstract:
British high literature at the end of the 20th century is marked by a growing interest in the topic of love. This increase can be related to the postmodern condition in which the analyzed texts are situated, e.g. a certain notion of culture and the subject. For the individual, love is an experience of crisis. Faced with postmodernism as a state of precariousness, the phenomenon of love challenges basic postmodernist assumptions. In this context, conceptions of love and ideas of the subject in postmodern texts as well as the respective interrelations of love and text(uality) are analyzed.
Ch. 1 sketches the aspects of the postmodern relevant to the following analyses: loss of the 'grand narratives' (Lyotard), decentering of the subject (Foucault), différance and linguistic turn as well as a general intertextual constitution of every text (Derrida, Barthes). Thus, postmodern literature concerned with the topic of love necessarily has to deal with those theories about and thoughts on love that already exist. In this 'history of love', two tendencies can be observed: on the one hand, love provides social coherence and is controlled by rationality (1), on the other hand, it is an excessive phenomenon with a socially corrosive potential (2). In a historical overview, typical representatives of each view are juxtaposed: Plato (1) and Sappho/Ovid (2), courtly love (1) and medieval mysticism (2), companionate marriage (1) and Shelley’s 'romantic' love (2) as well as theories from 1970s social psychology (1) and Freud’s psychoanalytic ideas (2).
The methodology for the interpretative main part follows from the essential intertextuality as claimed by the postmodern notion of literature. Each primary text analysed is confronted with another text that is similar in either content or structure. The respective conception of love is then evaluated in a comparative reading. The order of the texts reflects the range from a particularly passionate to an extremely rational stand to the phenomenon of love.
Sarah Kane’s Phaedra’s Love (1996) with its close relation of love and violence is interpreted in comparison to George Bataille’s concept of heterology outlined in Eroticism (1957). Kane’s drama is seen as a gender-dependent application of Bataille’s theories on ecstasy and sovereignty. Love manifests itself as a quasi-religious experience oscillating between self-autonomy and loss of self; the ideal of love, however, cannot be permanently fulfilled (ch. 2).
Jeanette Winterson’s Written on the Body (1992) takes up the motifs and metaphors of John Donne’s love poetry (from ca. 1590 onward). In both authors’ texts, love is tantamount to religion. Through an ironic exaggeration of Donne’s themes and imagery, an extremely narcissistic subjectivity is exposed. The lover’s experience dominates the beloved in all respects. Thus, the belief in love is revealed to be a mere projection (ch. 3).
Just as Ford Madox Ford’s The Good Soldier (1915), Julian Barnes’ Talking It Over (1990) depicts a love triangle with unreliable narrators. Both texts can be interpreted in terms of theories of triangular desire. Barnes, however, reduces the pretext’s ambiguities in favour of an epistemological stabilization. Love, in his text, is a functionalized construct and a strategic role play influenced by personal and economic interests (ch. 4).
Alain de Botton’s Essays in Love (1993) are read as a restrictive re-write of Roland Barthes’ playfully experimental A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments (1977). The experience of love is subject to a repetitive structure imposed by psychoanalytic mechanisms and is controlled by means of obsessive rationalizing (ch. 5).
A. S. Byatt’s Possession: A Romance (1990) with its marked intra- and intertextuality brings along its own pretexts and thus illustrates the (inter-)textual make-up of love. The contrast between the modern plot with its explicitly postmodern protagonists who are sceptical of love and the passionate Victorian lovers exemplifies the capacity of love as a reparative fantasy.
The conclusion recapitulates the fragmentation of both the loving and the postmodern subject and emphasizes the function of love as a reparative fantasy. In spite of the positioning of the respective concepts in the range from belief in love to scepticism towards it, the significance of love is always affirmed. By use of specific narrative strategies, the texts compensate the loss of the 'grand narratives'. Even though a fundamental solipsism in thinking about love/the beloved other remains problematic, the postmodern texts project a utopia countering the anti-humanistic tendencies in late-capitalist society.