Abstract:
Argumentation theory - as the term was coined in the last decades - has become an important direction of research since the last third of the 20th century, as is discernible in the number of important publications. Its protagonists refer frequently and with justification to Aristotle, as many concepts that remained fundamental for future discussion are to be found here.
Aristotle’s four (or five) essential works concerned with argumentation theory - his Prior and Posterior Analytics, Topics, Sophistical Refutations and Rhetoric - shape four different modes of argumentation. The present work, on the one hand, will describe the historical precursors of these forms, and on the other hand, it is going to analyze them from a systematical point of view. Two additional chapters will examine the question of the tradition and the chronological order of the works, as well as the specific characteristics of rhetorical argumentation.
Although the precise date and the correct tradition often remain hard to fix, all of the essential treatises have to be considered as early works, and furthermore, a chronological order of these works can be established. Nevertheless, in the domain of rhetorical treatises we encounter important losses. As a result, when taking into account the revision of Topics and Rhetoric by Aristotle, surprisingly few traces of the syllogistic can be discovered, that had already been developed at that time.
From the historical perspective, the argumentation modes prove to be almost entirely independent from their precursors. Being an encyclopaedic doxographer, Aristotle is very conscious of the manifold preliminary stages; however, compared to the profound analysis at which Aristotle arrives, their value remains merely heuristic. Even Plato’s detailed concepts, that Aristotle discusses briefly, are developed towards a system that offers an increased number of argumentation modes as well as a more precise description.
The systematical perspective emphasizes the historic independence of Aristotle’s system of argumentation modes. The doctrine of conclusion and proof, which is developed in the Analytics, for the first time provides the methodological basis for scientific research, and in particular for philosophical examination. Additionally, the terminology of the Analytics - and the definitions to be found in the Topics - establish the set of concepts that is essential for the precise description and analysis of all types of conclusions. Although each of the argumentation modes is subject to a complex discussion, they can be differentiated by only three criteria: the nature of the premises, the logical status of the conclusion, and the intention of the person who argues make up the unambiguous characterization of a given argumentation mode.
As the paradigm of rhetorical argumentation confirms, the profound analysis of the argumentation modes proves that Aristotle did not intend a hierarchy of these modes in the first place. He rather develops argumentation modes for particular purposes. He describes the structure of the respective argumentation mode for science, argumentation training, rhetorical speech, and any mediocre battle of words, each of which entails a benefit for the philosophical examination if employed correctly.