Abstract:
The establishment of a German philosophy of history in the late 18th century was accompanied by a lively discussion on the correlation between history and poetry. Next to Kant‘s historical-critical school of thought a second conception was developed with a poetic view on history. Three important philosophers of the late 18th and early 19th century, Johann Georg Hamann, Johann Gottfried Herder, and Friedrich von Hardenberg, also called Novalis, had a major influence on the idea of a poetic history and the hermeneutic-historical concept of history, both of which are widely acknowledged today, e.g. by the school of New Historicism.
The main focus of this work will be on Herder and Novalis and the establishment of a poetic view on history. Hamann‘s philosophic ideas on history, which have so far been neglected by research, were an influential stimulation to Herder and will be dealt with in separate chapters.
Today Herder and Novalis are held in high regard: For historians and philosophers alike Herder is the "father of historicism" and Novalis' image of the blue flower, and in turn his own name, has become a symbol for poetry.
But what about the historian Novalis and the poet Herder?
Historians and philosophers who relate to Herder usually lose sight of the poetic part of his philosophy of history and the work of the romantic writer Novalis is mostly denied any scientific historical acknowledgement. With this one-sided way of looking at things, however, both are done injustice to, because - and this is the main argument of the work at hand - they both had the same aim: a poetic history. Both claim to give historic truth but in a specific way, new to the science of history. For them only the poet can understand and express the "higher essence of reality" or the "interrelation of all things". A tool to achieve this is analogy. These central points of agreement between Herder and Novalis can, however, already be found in Hamann’s work. In the work of these three writers the birth of a new philosophy of history based on the poetic spirit can be shown.
The direct comparison of Hamann's, Herder's, and Novalis' ideas on history shows an unmistakable line of development from Hamann, via Herder to Novalis, which gives evidence for the existence of a distinct tradition of a poetic historic conception. In this context Hamann's influence seems to be significantly more important than hitherto believed.
All of the three writers insist on the unity of reason, emotion, and imagination and thus challenge the one-sided emphasis on reason in historiography. Moreover they agree on the role of analogy for historical understanding, on the comparability of the individual microhistory with the overall macrohistory, on the exemplary function of the Old Testament, on the prophetic work of the historian, on the rejection of a pure collection of facts, and on the claim to write a pragmatic, because didactic, history.
Apart from that Herder and Hamann are united by their confidence in a hermeneutic access to history and in the guidance by a divine plan, as well as the idea of God as the prototype of the historian.
Herder and Novalis, on the other hand, share the idea of a certain, even if not constant and consistent, improvement in history. Furthermore they both believe in the ruling principle of anthropology, in the ideal of an unbiased historiography, and in the exemplary function of Shakespeare not only for the poet but for the historian as well.