Abstract:
'Rome or Moscow' was a formula, which was introduced 1920 into the political and ideological debates of the early Weimar Republic by the Frankfurt writer Alfons Paquet. This meant not only the alternative choice for foreign policy between 'Ostorientierung' and 'Westintegration', but also the alternatives in the cultural and spiritual orientation of Germany between the 'old' West (Rome) and the 'young' East (Moscow).
The literary bequest of Alfons Paquet forms therefore the original material of this work, which describes the fluctuating processes of the estrange-ment of Germany from the West and its leanings towards the East in the time before, during and after World War I. Paquet, who had been travel-ling in Russia at various times, operated 1916 in Stockholm and 1918 in Moscow in the grey zone of contacts to Russian revolutionaries, and ad-vocated a great alliance between Germany and (Bolshevik) Russia against a menacing 'pax Americana'.
This work discusses further in various case studies the contradictory overlaps of a fervent anti-Bolshevik mood in Germany after 1918 with the efforts of a revisionist anti-Versailles policy of both countries, which pointed far beyond the cooperation, which was inaugurated in Rapallo. It pursues the long lasting traditions of a German Russophilia, mainly in the field of literature, where Dostoevsky for instance was raised into the posi-tion of a chief witness against the 'entzauberte Welt' of the bourgeois West; and it also shows the complementary tendencies of a cultural Germanophilia among the ruling Bolsheviks.
The sequential metamophosis, which the ideologies and strategies of the German Antisemites, including the National Socialists, underwent in the face of the Russian Revolution and its exponents, delivers additional evidence for the main thesis of this work: That various forms of block building between Germany and Russia against the hegemony of Western powers appeared time and again as a compelling strategy, but could never and in no version be realized.