Abstract:
This prospective, randomised, controlled and single blinded clinical trial investigates ultrasound guided interscalene brachial plexus blocks in patients with elective shoulder surgery. The operations were performed in regional anaesthesia and sedation.
The main question focuses on the effect of an anterior or a posterior access to the interscalene brachial plexus: Does the injection of the local anaesthetic via anterior or posterior access have an impact on the incidence of unintended phrenic nerve blocks with subsequent hemi-diaphragmatic pareses? The diaphragmatic funtion was investigated with pulmonary function tests, and one half of the patients was investigated with ultrasound additionally. 84 patients were included between September 2011 and March 2012 (42 in each group, power 80%) and Fisher’s exact test was used.
Furthermore, various other questions were investigated and looked at with desciptive statistics: block success rate, comparability of spirometric and sonografic results, duration of the block, complications in theatre and recovery room, patient satisfaction and neurological complications.
Summary of results:
Anterior or posterior access to the interscalene brachial plexus can not reduce the incidence of unintended phrenic nerve blocks, given that 15ml of local anaesthic are used.
The incidence of detected hemi-diaphragmatic paresis is high: 85,7% in spirometry and ultrasound. However, this did not prove to be clinically relevant in patients with ASA-status I or II.
Experienced ultrasound users can identify the nerve roots of C5, C6 and C7 in 100% of the patients.
Spirometry can detect a high number of hemi-diaphragmatic pareses, however, 4 different tests are required.
Pulmonary function tests can be performed without the vital capacity as a combination of FEV1, p0,1 and sniff-test leads to equally high results (rate of hemi-diaphragmatic paresis 85,7% versus 84,5%).
Ultrasound as method to diagnose hemi-diaphragmatic paresis demonstrates the same rate of paresis as does spirometry and is a forward-looking bedside tool.
The block success rate is very high (98,8%) – no opiods were requested in the recovery room subsequently.
The duration of the block was 10,5 hours median, using 15ml of ropivacain 1%.
Interscalene brachial plexus block with sedation for shoulder surgery has shown a high patient satisfaction: 90,5% of the patient would go for the same method in case they needed a similar surgery again.
Six weeks afer the block in 1,2% of the patients (n=1) a potentially permanent neurological abnormal finding occurred (numbness on one finger).
Future perspectives:
The trend-setting method for clinical practice and further trials to reduce unintended phrenic nerve blocks with subsequent hemi-diaphragmativ paresis will be a reduction of local anaesthetic volume.
Additionally, a „supra-supra-clavicular“ access could be helpful as the local anaesthetic would be injected in a greater distance to the phrenic nerve. Furthermore, there are case reports with permanent injury of the phrenic nerve that are not really payed attention to yet. There are currently no trials to this method published yet.
Patients with ASA-status I-II having undergone shoulder surgery in ultrasound guided interscalene brachial plexus block with sedation can be transfered dirctly from operating theatre to the normal ward, given that their Aldrete Score is 10 befor transfer.
Ultrasound as diagnostic bedside tool has a large potential to develop to the gold standard for assessment of diaphragmatic function. Further studies are needed.