Abstract:
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, benign disease in children and adults. It is characterized by proliferation of benign squamous cell papillomas within the respiratory-digestive tract, predominantly the larynx. The juvenile oral recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is the most common paediatric neoplasm to be found in the larynx. Generally, the papillomas appear in the larynx of children younger than five years.
RRP is caused by infection of the upper aerodigestive tract with the human papillomavirus (HPV). More than 200 types of HPV have been identified. RRP is caused by oral infection with HPV types 6 or 11.
Clinical presentation of initial symptoms of RRP may be subtle, including hoarseness, dyspnea, chronic cough, or recurrent upper respiratory infections. RRP course ranges from aggressive with pulmonary involvement to isolated laryngeal disease with spontaneous remission. In aggressive disease, which within few months or even weeks requires multiple surgical interventions to remove papillomas, residual impairment of voice and breathing is almost inevitable. Current management focuses on surgical debulking with microdebrider of papillomatous lesions with or without concurrent adjuvant therapy, e.g. cidofovir.
The recently developed tetravalent HPV vaccine Gardasil® induces neutralizing antibodies against capsid antigens of the HPV types 16 and 18 as well as against types 6 and 11. The vaccine emerged to be safe and highly immunogenic. It can efficaciously prevent new infections by one of the four vaccine types as well as the epithelial lesions induced by them.
Infection with the human papilloma virus has been identified of a subgroup of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. A change in prevalence of these lesions, especially for oropharyngeal carcinoma, can be expected as a consequence of the introduction of prophylactic HPV vaccines, targeting the most frequent high- and low-risk HPV types.
We propose the hypothesis that HPV vaccination could have a therapeutic effect in RRP by preventing new papilloma. The outcome of our 13 vaccinated patients and the review of latest case reports on Gardasil® vaccination in juvenile as well as adult onset RRP has proven the Gardasil vaccination to be highly effective.
In view of the low risk of this adjuvant immunotherapy a larger controlled multi-centric trial is proposed to verify this hypothesis.