Abstract:
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Although symptoms may be relatively mild during the initial stages, as the disease progresses, deterioration occurs not only in motor, but also in cognitive, emotional and vegetative functions, significantly reducing quality of life. The development of neuroprotective strategies has become a key focus for current research efforts. However, it is known that classical motor symptoms allowing PD diagnosis occur after the underlying neurodegenerative process has proceeded for years to decades. To effectively use neuroprotective strategies, an earlier (premotor) diagnosis is essential. Thus markers and techniques are needed to detect people at high risk for developing PD in later life.
Transcranial B-mode ultrasound imaging has been suggested as a technique for detecting individuals with an icreased risk for PD. This method offers a high level of sensitivity with the advantage of being non-invasive, easy to apply and unexpensive. Compared to the normal population, the B-mode ultrasound reflection pattern of the substantia nigra (SN) in PD patients typically involves an increase in the two-dimensional extension and signal-intensity of the SN (SN+). It has been shown that 10-16% of the normal population also present with hyperechogenicity of the SN, and – underscoring the value of this marker for identifying individuals at risk for PD – that healthy individuals older than 50 years of age have a 17-fold increased risk of developing PD within 3 years. Furthermore, SN+ is associated with several prodromal markers of PD as well as functional changes of the nigrostriatal transmitter system.
However, the relation of individuals with SN+ to early PD signs is not clear, yet. Thus, the present study investigated whether people aged 50 years or above with SN+ showed similar results as PD patients at an early stage of the disease on a range of clinical tests and on 1.5T Magnetic Resonance imaging. Three groups were recruited to the study: a healthy control group who were SN- (n=20), people with SN+ (n=29) and patients with early PD (n=13). Clinical tests selected were those previously shown to be sensitive to detecting changes in PD and included standard measures of disease symptoms (UPDRS III), mood (BDI), a report of constipation, neuropsychological testing and a kinematic analysis. Associations between the different assessments were also studied.
Results showed that no single measure, used in isolation, could reliably detect individuals at risk; instead, we hypothesize that a combination of two of more prodromal markers in association with SN+ might identify those with a higher chance of developing PD in later life. The greatest performance changes found in the SN+ group consisted of an abnormally decreased smelling function, as well as reductions in arm swing amplitude, which could be detected clinically as well as kinematically. Some reductions in neuropsychological functions were also observed, including poorer performances in attention, executive function and psychomotor speed. Interestingly, by contrast, increased performances on the diadochokinese testing were observed in the SN+ group, exceeding that of the SN- group. This may reflect a possible intermittent increase in motor function caused by both cortical and subcortical compensatory mechanisms.
On imaging, indication for atrophic processes was found in the PD group, with smaller SN-volumes detected on 1.5T MR, even at an early stage of the disease. The total SN-volumes in the SN+ group also showed rather smaller volumes compared to the SN- group, suggesting that some atrophic processes may already be present in this subgroup.
Finally, although some clinical test procedures were associated with each other, there was no significant relationship between the B-mode ultrasound and MR-imaging techniques. This suggests that each contributes different information about the risk for PD and the disease process and cannot be replaced by one another. Neither of the imaging techniques showed a persistent significant association with clinical or neuropsychological parameters. This reflects the likelihood that the measured cognitive and clinical changes resulted from processes outside the SN, including possible biochemical deviations and the contribution of other brain regions.
In conclusion, we found that SN hyperechogenicity in healthy persons older than 50 years is associated with some characteristic, mainly clinical features, that can typically be observed in PD patients. Longitudinal studies will have to show which set of the here presented non-invasive, radiation-free test procedures and imaging techniques will be best suitable as screening tools to detect people with SN+ in a prodromal stage with the ultimate aim to apply neuroprotective therapies in the future.