Abstract:
To this day, the aetiology of Lewy body diseases (LBD) is mostly unknown. Whereas for Alzheimer disease (AD) Butyrylcholinesterase genotypes (BCHE) and protein (BuChE) activity have been investigated thoroughly in different studies and the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 allele is known to be a risk factor for the disease, there is only limited data available concerning the LBD, although both diseases share similar aspects such as amyloid deposit and a cholinergic deficit. For this study, in an LBD patient population and an age- and gender-matched, healthy control population allele frequency of the BCHE A- and K-variant and BuChE activity levels were measured and the APOE-genotype was determined.
Males showed significantly higher BuChE activity levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the total population than females. The BuChE activity in serum did not depend on gender, but declined significantly with increasing age. LBD patients and healthy controls did not differ significantly with regard to BuChE activity in CSF and serum. This result was surprising, as it is commonly known that demented and non-demented LBD patients suffer from a reduced activity of the cholinegeric system, and there have been discussions as to whether the changed BuChE activity is a possible cause of that. BuChE activity levels in CSF and serum were neither associated with the age of onset nor with the duration or with the severity (Hoehn & Yahr stage) of the motor symptoms of the LBD. The same applied for the combination of the age of onset and the duration of dementia associated with the LBD. In contrast, there was significant positive correlation between BuChE activity in serum and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) in LBD patients, which might suggest an effect of serum BuChE in cognitive deficits.
The BCHE K variant was neither associated with the LBD nor with presence of dementia associated with the LBD. For both the motor and the dementia symptoms, no association was detected between the BCHE K variant and the age of onset, or the duration or the severity of the LBD. The BCHE K allele was not associated with the CSF BuChE activity level, whereas there was a significant association with the BuChE activity in serum. This effect was verifiable in the observation of the total population as well as in the separate examination of LBD patients and controls. This statement suggests a different regulatory mechanism of the central and the peripheral BuChE activity.
The APOE epsilon 4 allele was not associated with BuChE activity levels in the total population (likewise in LBD patients and controls) in the present study. Both the singular presence of an APOE epsilon 4 allele and the combination of a BCHE K allele and an APOE epsilon 4 allele did not correspond with an elevated risk for dementia in LBD patients and did not influence the outcome in the MMSE.
APOE epsilon 4 carriers had significant lower CSF Abeta levels than non-carriers and the CSF Abeta levels correlated positively with the MMSE. Interestingly, the outcome in the MMSE did not depend on the presence of an APOE epsilon 4 allele.
The results of this study confirm the previous described relation between the BCHE K variant and the serum BuChE activity levels. They argue, however, against a major impact of the Butyrylcholinesterase and the APOE epsilon 4 allele on the LBD.