Abstract:
ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP-channels) are weak inward rectifiers. They are assembled from two subunits, the pore-forming subunit Kir6.x and the regulatory subunit SURx in a 4:4 stoichiometry. SURx, the sulfonylurea receptor, is a member of the ABCprotein family.
The hallmark of these channels is their gating by nucleotides: Intracellular ATP causes the channels to close, whereas its hydrolysis product, ADP (as MgADP), induces channel opening. Thereby KATP-channels link cellular metabolism and excitability.
So far, the physiological role of these channels is best understood in pancreatic beta-cells, where they act as indirect glucose sensors and couple insulin secretion to the blood glucose level.
Synthetic inhibitors of the channel such as glibenclamide (GBC) and repaglinide are widely used in the therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, K+ channel openers (KCOs) like diazoxide and cromakalim are used for the treatment of hyperinsulinemia or hypertension, depending on their selectivity for KATP-channel subtypes. Both types of drugs bind to SUR.
Mutations in the pancreatic KATP-channel often lead to defects in insulin secretion. In this study we examined the mutation Kir6.2/SUR1(Q1178R), in which glutamine 1178 is replaced by arginine. In the human, this mutation (in the homozygous case) causes hypoinsulinemia and permanent neonatal diabetes. It was the aim of this study to examine to which degree the mutation changed the ligand binding properties of the channel as compared to wild-type (WT). To this end, the channels were transiently expressed in HEK 293 cells and radioligand binding studies were conducted in membranes from these cells at 37 °C using [ 3H]GBC as radioligand.
In the absence of MgATP, saturation experiments with [3H]-GBC showed a slightly lower affinity of GBC for the mutant channel than for WT. The binding capacity (Bmax), however, remained unchanged, suggesting that the mutation did not affect the expression of the channel. The inhibition of [3H]GBC -binding by the KCO, NNC 55-0462 (a diazoxide analogue), was slightly strengthened by the mutation. These findings suggest that the mutation induces a conformational change of the binding pocket of SUR.
MgATP is known to inhibit GBC-binding and to favour KCO-binding. The SUR1(Q1178R)-mutation markedly sensitized the channel for the inhibitory action of MgATP on GBC-binding (left-shift of the inhibition curve) and increased maximum inhibition. In saturation experiments in the presence of MgATP (1 mM), both the affinity and the capacity of the [3H]-GBC binding to the mutant channel were significantly reduced. In contrast, the negative allosteric inhibition of the [3H]GBC-binding by benzothiadiazines (diazoxide and NNC) was strengthened by the mutation.
In the framework of a simplified 3-state-cycle of the channel activity which
distinguishes a resting, a prehydrolytic and a posthydrolytic state, each state can be assigned to a channel conformation with particular binding properties. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of Babenko (2008) that the SUR1(Q1178R) mutation stabilizes the posthydrolytic state, which is associated with an increased open probability of the channel. This, in turn, leads to hyperpolarisation of the beta-cell and to a significantly decreased insulin secretion even in the presence of elevated levels of blood glucose.