Abstract:
Objective: Several non-invasive urine tests are currently available in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). However, their accuracy remains limited. The results may be influenced by several factors. Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hematuria (HU), urinary tract infection (UTI) and instrumented urine sampling (IUS) on urine cytology, the UroVysion FISH test (Vysis®), the NMP22 ELISA (Matritech) and the uCyt+-test (DiagnoCure).
Material and Methods: A cohort of 2365 consecutive patients suspected to have TCC underwent multimarker testing of at least one of the aforementioned tests followed by cystoscopy and – in case of suspicious findings – transurethral resection. HU, UTI and IUS were defined in accordance to predetermined criteria. The test results were compared with the presence of each factor (HU, UTI and IUS) by contingency analysis and Chi-square tests separated for patients without evidence of TCC and with histological proven TCC.
Conclusions: HU did not influence the diagnostic properties of the UroVysion test. In contrast to that, the results of NMP22 and the uCyt+ test were directly dependent on the HU-status. Therefore both false positivity in the absence of TCC as well as false negativity in the presence of significant TCC may occur. Moreover, urine cytology was found to be similarly influenced by HU. Persistent HU itself may alter the cytological status leading to further invasive measures. These results underline the relevance of the HU-status for the appropriate interpretation of urine tests.
The presence of UTI is clearly influencing the specificity of urine cytology. Inflammatory cells may be misinterpreted as malignant urothelial cells. However, UTI does not interfere with either the UroVysion test or the uCyt+ test. Most importantly, UTI does not activate the molecular features detected by the UroVysion and the uCyt+ tests leading to the suspicion for TCC. This observation will help to further reduce unnecessary and invasive urinary tract instrumentation.
IUS influences the specificity of all investigated urine tests. The sensitivity of the UroVysion and the uCyt+ tests are particularly deteriorated by IUS. Hence, approximately 50% of patients displayed false-negative tests in the group without IUS. Activated urothelial cells might be simply misinterpreted as tumor cells. Furthermore, these manipulated urothelial cells provoke false positive results due to secondary molecular changes in the UroVysion and the uCyt+ tests. The enormous false negative rate for patients with regular voided specimens underlines the association of mechanical manipulation with molecular changes. These observations stress the outstanding relevance of urinary sampling for the appropriate interpretation of urinary test for the early detection of TCC.