Abstract:
Calcium ions are important for the function of outer hair cells (OHCs) in the cochlea. In general, elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels in hair cells can initiate transmitter release, activate K(Ca2+) channels, influence electromechanics and locally in the stereocilia can regulate adaptation of receptor current through mechanosensitive channels. Although information about the regulation of Ca2+ concentration in the stereocilia of lower vertebrates is available, there is little information about mammalian systems. The goal of the experiments presented here was to examine the origin of calcium-dependent fluorescence signals in the stereocilia of the guinea-pig OHCs and thus further to receive information concerning the localization of the transduction channels.
OHCs were mechanically isolated from the adult guinea-pig cochlea. Ca2+ transients were evoked by deflection of the stereocilia using a fluid-jet stimulator. To facilitate Ca2+ entry into the hair bundle, Ca2+ concentration in the fluid-jet solution was 4 mM (extracellular 100 mM). Intracellular Ca2+ changes were monitored using the acetoxymethyl ester form of the calcium indicator dye fluo-3 and the fluorescence signals were detected by a confocal laser scanning microscope.
The time course of the onset of the average intracellular Ca2+ transient in the hair bundle was exponential; the average time constant (t) was 0.26 ± 0.19 s (n = 6). Application of the open transduction-channel blocker dihydrostreptomycin (DHSM, 100 mM) caused the speed of the Ca2+ elevation to become significantly slower, t = 2.14 ± 1.36 s (n = 6). This change was partially reversible (t = 0.75 ± 0.24 s, n = 3) after washout. Application of DHSM did not influence the steady-state amplitude of the average Ca2+ transients. The decay of the intracellular Ca2+ signal after removal of the fluid-jet stimulus was also exponential; the time constant was 3.15 ± 1.31 s.
An interpretation of the observed pattern of fluorescence is that the fast component of the Ca2+ signal is directly related to the Ca2+ influx into the stereocilia through transduction channels. The observation that fluo-3 fluorescence started to increase first at the base of the hair bundle implies that transduction channels are located close to there. The slow component of the Ca2+ signal is an indication of that the intracellular Ca2+ concentration was not stabilized by Ca2+-binding buffers. The result of the application of the open transduction-channel blocker DHSM, which preferentially blocked Ca2+ entry in the middle and shortest rows of the hair bundle, but did not in the longest stereocilia supports the hypothesis that transduction channels are located only in the membrane of the shorter stereocilia, therefore they are located exclusively at the bottom of the tip links.