Abstract:
Introduction: Substrate orientated catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients after myocardial infarction can be guided by endocardial ECG characteristics during sinus rhythm. In this study, the importance of fractionated endocardial electrograms for identifying areals presenting the origin of clinical VTs in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM) is analysed.
Methods: From February 2005 to March 2008, endocardial catheter mapping and radiofrequency (RF) ablation was performed in 11 patients (8 male, 3 female, mean ejection fraction 31 ± 11 %). A left ventricular voltage map was generated and substrate-orientated ablation was performed by applying RF current to sites with local delayed, fractionated potentials with a bipolar voltage amplitude of < 1,5 mV up to 1 cm around the best pace map position. The voltage map of the left ventricle was divided into 17 segments. Those segments carrying the best VT-pace map were defined as the arrhythmogenic area. Segments apart from the arrhythmogenic area were defined as control area. Endocardial electrograms that were aquired during sinus rhythm and/or ventricular pacing were characterised by bipolar amplitude, electrogram duration, amount of positive deflections, amount of negative deflections, amount of baseline crossings and fractionation. Fractionation of electrograms in areas with and without an origin of a clinical relevant VT was analysed and differentiated by comparing electrogram characteristics in arrhythmogenic areas, non-arrhythmogenic areas and remaining areas of the left ventricle.
Results: In all patients, fractionated, local delayed electrograms with a bipolar amplitude < 1,5 mV were registered. Mean proportion of fractionated electrograms was 27% ± 19%. In 9 of 11 patients, the arrhythmogenic site could be identified by endocardial electrogram characteristics. 4 patients showed significant differences in the majority of the analysed ECG characteristics. However, in 2 of 11 patients the arrhythmogenic area could not be identified by endocardial ECG parameters. Mean fractionation and electrogram duration have proven to be the best parameters to target arrhythmogenic areas during sinus rhythm. There was a positive correlation between electrogram duration an the amount of positive deflections (r = 0,88, p < 0,001).
In all patients, a reduction of ICD shock deliveries was achieved. 6 of 11 patients remained free from ICD shock delivery during a follow-up period of 16 ± 10 months.
Conclusion: Identifying arrhythmogenic sites by endocardial catheter mapping of extensive prolonged and fractionated electrograms in low-voltage areas can be successful in a part of patients with non-ischemic idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM). Fractionated electrograms with low bipolar amplitude are sensitive yet not specific for arrhythmogenic sites. Therefore, ablation of ventricular tachycardia in NICM can not generally and exclusively be guided by endocardial electrogram characteristics. Conventional VT-mapping still seems to be essential for successful ablation of ventricular tachycardia in NICM.